PLANLANAN ETKİNLİKLER:
1.
Konferans (Haftanın açılış konuşması): “Bilim Eğitimi ve Louise Pasteur” başlıklı konferans TÜBA
Başkanı Prof.Dr. Yücel KANPOLAT tarafından verilecektir.
2.
Anaokulu ziyareti: “Beynim en kıymetli hazinemdir”
Eskişehir Osmangazi Universitesi Anaokulu öğrencilerinin beyinlerini keşfettikleri ve 2 gün süren çeşitli
etkinlikler planlanmıştır.
3.
Okul ziyaretleri: “Sinir hücresinden duyu organlarına”
Tıp Fakültesi öğrencileri Eskişehir’deki ilköğretim okullarında 1’er saatlik konuşma yapacaklardır.
4.
Laboratuar turları: Beyin Bilgi yarışmasına katılan lise öğrencileri Anatomi ve Biyofizik
laboratuvarlarında sunulacak gösteri deneylerini izleyeceklerdir.
5.
Dördüncü Beyin Bilgi Yarışması: 8 Martta yapılacak olan yarışmaya 12 okuldan, ön elemeleri
okullarca yapılan, 57 lise öğrencisi katılacaktır.
6.
Sergi: “Beyin ve Sanat”, VII. Mimarlık Öğrencileri Sergisi
Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi ve Anadolu Üniversitesi Mimarlık Bölümü öğrencileri eserlerini
sergileyeceklerdir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Beyin haftası, Beyin bilgi yarışması, Uluslararası beyin bilgi yarışması
Brain Awareness Week (BAW) in Eskişehir:
Neuroscience for kids, children and high school students
OBJECTIVES: Brain Awareness Week (BAW) is the global campaign to increase public awareness about the
progress and benefits of brain research. The Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives (DABI), the European Dana
Alliance for the Brain (EDAB), the Society for Neuroscience (SfN), the International Brain Research Organization
(IBRO) and the Federation of European Neuroscience Societies (FENS) unite the efforts during BAW in every
March to coordinate, support and announce the events as part of this international organization.
Now in its twelfth year of BAW in Eskişehir-Turkey, our aim is to educate and raise awareness the little kids, the
middle school and the high school students about the brain and its functions in an age-appropriate manner.
EVENTS:
1.
Conference (Opening speech of the BAW): “The science education and Louise Pasteur”
Prof.Dr. Yücel KANPOLAT, The Turkısh National Academy of Science
2.
Preschool visit: “My brain is my most valuable treasure”
The Eskişehir Osmangazi University Preschool children will explore “what makes a child’s brain
healthy”.
3.
School visits: “From neuron to sense organs”
Students from the faculty of medicine will give a one hour talk at four local middle schools in Eskişehir.
4.
Lab tours: High school students who will attend to the Brain Bee competition will watch the
demonstrations at the Anatomy and Biophysics Labs of the Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir Osmangazi
University.
5.
Fourth Brain Bee: A local Brain Bee competition will be held in Eskişehir, Turkey on 8 March, 2011.
Fifty seven students who are previously selected by their teachers from 12 high schools in Eskişehir
will participate in the Brain Bee.
6.
Exhibition: “The Brain and Art”, VII. Architectural Students Exhibition
Eskişehir Osmangazi University and Anadolu University
Keywords: Brain awareness week (BAW), Brain bee, International brain bee.
KURSLAR / COURSES
Kurslar / Courses
233
Kurs 1 / Course 1
Transkranyal Manyetik (TMS) ve Elektriksel (TES) Uyarım Yöntemleri
Düzenleyen
: İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Nöroloji Anabilim Dalı ve Fizyoloji Anabilim Dalı
Eğitmenler
:
Prof. Dr. Emre Öge
Prof. Dr. Sacit Karamürsel
Y. Müh. Adnan Kurt
Dr. Necla Sözer Topçular
Dr. Zübeyir Bayraktaroğlu
Psk. Görkem Alban
Transkranyal Manyetik Uyarım (TMS) manyetik alan değişimleriyle kortikal nöronlarda zayıf elektrik akımı
oluşturarak etki eden, noninvaziv bir yöntemdir. Günümüzde migren, inme, Parkinson hastalığı, distoni,
tinnitus, depresyon ve benzeri nöropsikiyatri alanlarında yaygın klinik kullanıma girmiştir. Eğitim programında
TMS’in teknik özellikleri, nörofizyolojik etkisi, uygulama alanları güncel çalışmalar dahilinde tartışılacak ve
katılımcılar üzerinde uygulanacaktır.
Trankranyal Elektriksel Uyarım (TES), kafatası üzerinden düşük şiddette akım uygulamayı temel alır. Sinir
hücreleri ya da dendritlere uygulanan gerilimlerle hücre ateşlemesi sıklıklarının modüle edilmesine
dayanmaktadır. TES kaygı, ağrı, depresyon vb. tedavisinde kullanıma girmiştir. Kurs kapsamında cihazın teknik
özellikleri, elektriksel uyarımın nörofizyolojik etkisiyle ilgili genel bilgi verildikten sonra, katılımcılar üzerinde
doğrudan uygulama yapılacaktır.
Kurslar / Courses
234
Kurs 2 / Course 2
Nöroglia
Düzenleyen
: Yeditepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Fizyoloji Anabilim Dalı
Eğitmenler
:
Prof. Dr. Bayram Yılmaz
Prof. Dr. Alexej Verkhratsky
Prof. Dr. Ertuğrul Kılıç
Prof. Dr. Ahmet Ayar
Where the thoughts dwell: History of Neurosciences and introduction into neuroglia
Alexei Verkhratsky
1
and Bayram Yılmaz
2
1
University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
2
Yeditepe University, Medical School, Department of Physiology, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey
The neuronal doctrine, which shaped the development of neuroscience was born from a long-lasting struggle
between reticularists (led by Camillo Golgi), who assumed internal continuity of neural networks and neuronists
(championed by Santiago Ramon y Cahal), who defined the brain as a network of physically separated cellular
entities, defined as neurones. Today, however, we know that integration and information processing in the
brain occurs though close interactions of two cellular circuits represented by neuronal networks embedded into
internally connected astroglial syncytium. Our understanding of glial function changed dramatically over last
two decades. This change concerns the whole concept of how the brain is organized, and how the development,
life and death of neural circuits are controlled. There is compelling evidence demonstrating that these are the
astrocytes that are creating the compartmentalisation in the CNS, and these are the astrocytes that are able to
integrate neurones, synapses, and brain capillaries into individual and relatively independent units. Astroglial
syncytium allows intercellular communication route, which permits translocation of ions, metabolic factors and
second messengers. The resulting potential for parallel processing and integration is significant and might easily
be larger, but also fuzzier, than the binary coded electrical communication within the neuronal networks. The
neuronal-glial circuitry endowed with distinct signalling cascades, form a "diffuse nervous net" suggested by
Golgi, where millions of synapses belonging to very different neurones are integrated first into neuronal-glial-
vascular units and then into more complex structures connected through glial syncytium. These many levels of
integration, both morphological and functional, presented by neuronal-glial circuitry ensure the spatial and
temporal multiplication of brain cognitive power.
Glial calcium signalling
Alexei Verkhratsky
University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
Brain function is executed by continuous interaction of two major cellular circuits, neuronal and glial. These
circuits provide for accumulation, sorting, analysis, storage and retrieval of information, which in turn
determine the most advanced functions of the CNS, represented by making, cognition and generation of
thoughts. On a cellular level, all these processes involve continuous interactions within highly complex cellular
circuits which unite neural cells, the neurones in glia, into dynamic functional ensembles which form the
substrate of brain integration. On a molecular level formation of these dynamic ensembles is supported by a
coordinated activity of numerous signalling cascades, specifically designed for producing afferent signals, which
able to deliver the encoded information to the sensors, which in turn are able to decipher the information and
generate the adequate cellular response. Importantly, many of these systems convey the information by
utilising very simple molecules, the ions, which are universally present within the aqueous phase, embracing all
living objects from outside as well as from the inside. Ions are able to move through the water phases and by
virtue of electric charge are able to interact with biological molecules hence delivering the signal to them. The
single divalent cation, the calcium, assumes the role of universal signalling molecule, which controls a truly
amazing variety of cellular processes.
Glial cells respond to various electrical, mechanical and chemical stimuli, including neurotransmitters,
neuromodulators and hormones, with an increase in [Ca
2+
]
i
. These glial [Ca
2+
]
i
signals exhibit a variety of
temporal and spatial patterns. Glial [Ca
2+
]
i
signals can traverse gap junctions between glial cells without
decrement and travel over a great distances within glial networks. The predominant source of Ca
2+
for Ca
2+
signal generation in astrocytes resides within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and
ryanodine receptors of the ER provide a conduit for the release of Ca
2+
to the cytosol. The ER store is (re)filled
by the ER-specific Ca
2+
-ATPase of SERCA type. Ultimately, the depleted ER is replenished by Ca
2+
which enters
from the extracellular space to the cytosol via store-operated Ca
2+
entry; the TRPC1 protein has been
implicated in this part of the astrocytic exocytotic process. Voltage-gated Ca
2+
channels and plasma membrane
Na
+
/Ca
2+
exchangers are additional means for cytosolic Ca
2+
entry. Cytosolic Ca
2+
levels can be modulated by
mitochondria, which can take-up cytosolic Ca
2+
via the Ca
2+
uniporter
and release Ca
2+
into cytosol via the
Kurslar / Courses
235
mitochondrial Na
+
/Ca
2+
exchanger, as well as by the formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition
pore. The interplay between various Ca
2+
sources determines cytosolic Ca
2+
dynamics that differentially drives
multiple Ca
2+
-depenent cytoplasmic processes. The highly specialised glial Ca
2+
signals provide means for
information encoding within glial networks, integrating them with neuronal circuits. An understanding of this
process in vivo will reveal some of the astrocytic functions in health and disease of the brain.
Glial ionotropic receptors: Why non-excitable cells possess “excitable” molecules
Alexei Verkhratsky
University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
Integration and information processing in the brain occurs though close interactions of two cellular circuits,
neuronal and glial. Astrocytes receive information from neurones by numerous receptors expressed in glial
membrane and feed information back to neurones through release of gliotransmitters, which include glutamate,
ATP and D-serine. Astrocytes possess a diverse assortment of ionotropic transmitter receptors, which enable
these glial cells to respond to many of the same signals that act on neurones. Ionotropic receptors mediate
neurone-driven signals to astroglial cells in various brain areas including neocortex, hippocampus and
cerebellum.
Glutamate and ATP are the major neurotransmitters responsible for signalling in neuronal-glial networks.
Glutamatergic transmission to astroglial cells is accomplished through several types of glutamate sensors
expressed in glial membrane. These sensors include ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors and
glutamate transporters. Specifically important for both physiological information processing and cell damage are
glutamate receptors of NMDA type, which, for a long time, were considered to be expressed exclusively in
neurones. Recent studies have found functional NMDA receptors in brain macroglia, in astrocytes and
oligodendrocytes. Glial and neuronal NMDA receptors are functionally and structurally different; the glial
receptors are weakly (if at all) sensitive to the extracellular magnesium block, which may indicate a
predominant expression of the NR3 receptor subunit. The ionotropic purinergic neuronal-glial transmission is
mediated through both P2Y metabotropic and P2X ionotropic purinoceptors. The P2Y
1,2
receptors are
ubiquitously expressed in astroglia and their activation trigger intracellular Ca
2+
signalling. The ionotropic
receptors are much more territorially restricted; P2X-medaited responses were hitherto found only in cortical
astrocytes. Cortical astrocytes express P2X
1/5
purinoceptors that are characterised by very high sensitivity to
ATP (EC
50
~ 50 nM) and weak desensitization.
In the cortex, astroglial NMDA and P2X
1/5
receptors are activated upon physiological synaptic transmission.
Stimulation of neuronal afferents triggered complex currents in astrocytes located in layers I/II. These glial
synaptic currents (GDCs) were the direct consequence of synaptic release of neurotransmitters; they were
completely blocked by 1 M of tetrodotoxin and the amplitude of astroglial currents showed the same stimulus
dependence as the amplitude of synaptic currents evoked in the neighbouring neurones. Spontaneous synaptic
currents, mediated by NMDA and P2X
1/5
receptors were also readily recorded from cortical astrocytes, indicating
the close proximity of some areas of glial membranes to the sites of neurotransmitter release from the neuronal
terminals. Activation of ionotropic receptors trigger rapid signalling events in astroglia; these events,
represented by local Ca
2+
or Na
+
signals provide the mechanism for fast neuronal-glial signalling at the level of
individual synapse.
Glial Cells in the Fire: Their Roles in Modulation of Nociception and Neuropathic Pain
Ahmet Ayar
Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Fizyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Trabzon, Turkey
Chronic pain is a common public health problem worldwide causing loss of healthy life and economy on both
individuals and society as it interferes with quality of life, sleep, personal relationships, and even leading to
disability and depression. Among different forms of chronic pain, neuropathic pain presents as a most difficult
task for basic researchers and clinicians. Causes of painful peripheral neuropathy includes diabetes as the most
common, but the condition can also be caused by chronic alcohol use, exposure to other toxins (including
various cancer chemotherapies), vitamin deficiencies, surgical procedures, and a large variety of other medical
conditions. Understanding of the mechanisms of neuropathic pain is essential for the development of new and
more effective treatment modalities. Although the exact mechanism are not clear, initially it was thought that
chronic neuropathic pain was associated with nerve injury and majority of research into neuropathic pain has
concentrated on changes in the peripheral nerve, growing recent evidences suggests that glial cells also plays
an important role in the pathogenesis of the neuropathic pain. In this presentation the role of glial cells,
including neuromodulatory, neurotrophic and neuroimmune effects are emphasized in the initiation and
maintenance of neuropathic pain and nociception.
Kurslar / Courses
236
Neuroglial Interaction in Brain Plasticity and Protection
Ertuğrul Kılıç
Yeditepe University, Medical School, Department of Physiology, Istanbul, Turkey
Oligodendroglial inhibitors of neurite outgrowth have obtained considerable interest in the treatment of spinal
cord trauma and ischemic stroke recently. Several proteins with repulsive or inhibitory effects on growing
neurites have been identified in the adult central nervous system. Among these, the myelin membrane protein
Nogo-A has been shown to prevent axonal regeneration and plasticity in a particularly powerful way in vivo. The
nogo gene generates three main proteins, Nogo-A, -B, and -C, but only Nogo-A has potent neurite growth
inhibitory activity and a distribution that is mostly central nervous system central nervous system specific.
Inhibition of Nogo-A with neutralizing antibodies potently enhanced axonal sprouting and neurologic recovery in
rodent and primate models of spinal cord trauma and ischemic stroke. Hopes have emerged from these data
that Nogo-A inhibition may facilitate neurologic recovery also in human patients. A clinical trial with Nogo-A
antibodies in spinal cord trauma is currently in progress. In this presentation, studies about axonal outgrowth
inhibitors and their roles in synaptic plasticity and cell death will be reviewed.
Glia in neuropathology
Alexei Verkhratsky
University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
Diseases of nervous system remain the most difficult to handle and to cure; the therapeutic advances in
neurology are, at best, modest when compared to other branches of medicine. The reason is simple - it is the
singular complexity of the human brain and of its connections, both morphological and functional.
For a long time the neurocentric view dominated the neuropathological theories, although the pathological
potential of glia was already acknowledged by prominent neuropathologists of 19
th
century such as Alzheimer,
Nissl and Frommann. Nonetheless it is now clear that it is neuroglia, which determines the progression and
outcome of most, if not all, neurological diseases. Indeed, the brain homeostasis is managed solely by the
neuroglia, and the failure of neuroglia to maintain this homeostasis is fatal for nervous tissue. This is
particularly manifest in the ischemic insult in which performance of astroglia very much determines the
development of the ischemic core and its relations with penumbra. In addition the astroglia possess a specific
defensive mechanism, - the astrogliosis that is activated in response to brain insults. The astrogliosis is
fundamental for limiting the areas of damage (by scar formation through anisomorphic astrogliosis) and for the
post-insult remodelling and recovery of neural function (by isomorphic astrogliosis).
Astroglia is involved in pathogenesis of many chronic neurological disorders. For example astrocytes undergo
remodelling in the epileptic brain, which includes both morphological and functional changes. Astrocytes are
also important for pathogenesis of various psychiatric disorders. The astrocytes may play an important role in
schizophrenia, because failures in astroglia-dependent glutamate homeostasis can result in neurotransmission
disbalance. The pathological potential of astroglia in neurodegeneration begun to be explored only very
recently, as for a long time neurodegenerative diseases were associated primarily with neuronal death.
Nonetheless it is quite obvious now that the astroglia is invariably affected at the early stages of
neurodegenerative process, and determines, to a large extend, the progression and severity of the disease.
Several recent investigations discovered astroglial atrophy, which appears at the very early stages of different
neurodegenerative diseases. Conceptually atrophic changes in astrocytes may lie at the very core of initial
disruption of neural circuitry, as reduced astroglial support affects maintenance and performance of synapses.
Kurslar / Courses
237
Kurs 3 / Course 3
Deneysel ve klinik çalışmalarda nörostereoloji kursu
Düzenleyen
: Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Histoloji ve Embriyoloji Anabilim Dalı
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