Nr 33 2014 folia turistica multidimensionality and determinants of consumer loyalty in tourist services

- External non-economic factors: 

Geographic and natural factors (climate, location, environmental 

pollution) 

Civilization and cultural factors

Globalization 

Integration processes 

Ec

on

omi

c 

si

tu

ati

on 

 

Inflation

 

Ex

ch

an

ge 

ra

te

 

 Inco

me 

le

vel

 and

 the

 r

ate 

of

 it

s ch

an

ges

 

 

Figure 1. Determinants influencing behaviors of consumers of tourist services

Source: Author’s compilation based on Niemczyk 2010, p. 17 and Kieżel (ed.) 1999, p. 107.

Along with market changes, increasing competition, globalization, and 

the advancing integration-oriented processes, the number of factors likely 

to have an impact on customers’ behaviors is continuously increasing. All of 

the remaining determinants were divided into objective and subjective ones, 

depending on whether a given factor is independent of the occurring percep-

---

86

IZABELA MICHALSKA-DUDEK

tions, or whether it is perceived and interpreted depending on the person 

making an assessment.

“Subjective factors explain the nature of tourist needs by emphasizing their anthropocentric 

interpretation, which combines the bio-centric (the need of recreation and leisure combined with spa 

treatment), psycho-centric (the need for intellectual emotions, meditations, sentimental tourism), and 

socio-centric (the need to meet new people and cultures) approaches with an eco-centric approach 

(needs resulting from market influence, offers availability and promotion) and also attributes such as 

limitlessness, renewability, complementarity, different intensity, and low substitutability” [Jedlińska 

2006, p. 177].

Objective factors determining tourist behaviors were divided in the sug-

gested classification into economic (internal–referring to an individual, and 

external–referring to environmental factors) and non-economic ones (inter-

nal and external).