Chapter 7 C om m unication
Before 1860, it could take six weeks for a letter to travel from
New York to California. Letters were taken by boat to Panama,
then carried overland to another boat, which took them north.
Californians joked that events were forgotten on the East Coast
before they were known on the West Coast. But this situation
began to change— and to change quickly.
Moving arms
In 1791, the Frenchman Claude Chappe invented a new method
of signaling. He put up tall buildings in long lines. At the top of
each building were arms which could be moved into different
positions. Each position meant a different letter, from A to Z. This
worked in daylight and when you could see for quite a long way.
In 1794, news reached Paris by this method that the Prussians
had taken the town of Conde-sur-l’Escaut, 145 kilometers away,
in less than an hour. By 1852, there were 556 of these buildings
in France and 250 more in the rest of Europe. Chappe, though,
wasn’t happy. He had hoped for much more much sooner, and he
killed himself in 1805. The stone with his name and dates on it
shows two wooden arms in the “at rest” position.
In 1790 people in Philadelphia, US, began to buy and sell parts
of companies. Shortly after this, a group of businessmen in
Philadelphia put up a line of these stations between the city and
New York to communicate prices. The stations also used the sun
and mirrors. If the sun was shining, information could travel
between the two cities in ten minutes.
’^ le electric telegraph
between 3 April 1860 and 24 October 1861, horses carried mail
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A Chappe semaphore tower
between St Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California. At a cost
of one dollar for fourteen grams, letters and packages could be
carried 3,000 kilometers through the six states between Missouri
and California and arrive within ten days. Although the service
never made money for its owners, its story is still told. It all came
to an end in 1861 when the Pacific Telegraph line was completed.
After that, messages got through very quickly, although letters took
more time until the railroad to California opened in 1869.
The beginnings of electric telegraphy go back to the early
nineteenth century, but the first working system was invented by
the Englishmen William Cooke and Charles W heatstone in
1837. This used five needles, which pointed to different letters on
a board. By 1843, the two men had built a connection along the
railroad between Paddington in central London and Slough,
thirty-five kilometers to the west. Two years later, this was very
useful when a murderer was seen getting on a train at
Paddington. A message was telegraphed to Slough and the police
were waiting for him when he arrived.
In 1837 the Americans Samuel Morse, an artist with an
interest in telegraphy, and Alfred Vail, an engineer, invented a
new way to signal letters and words. The telegraph made
immediate use of this. Now, instead of moving needles, the
operator used a simple key to send long and short sounds. At the
other end, these sounds were printed onto a piece of paper as
long and short lines and then had to be written out in normal
language. In 1855, David Hughes invented a printing telegraph;
after that, the message was simply typed at one end of the line
and printed in words at the other end.
In 1851, Britain— which already had 6,400 kilometers of
telegraph line— was connected with France, and in 1858 with
the US. But the wire across the Atlantic Ocean was too thin and
11 failed within a week. Another wire, put down in 1865, was still
°° thin and also broke. A successful connection was completed
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the following year. By the 1870s, Europe and America were
connected to India, the Far East, and Australia.
Progress in communication affected many areas of life. In
Aachen, Germany, in 1849, Paul Julius Reuter started an
organization for sending business information. Ele started to sell
news reports as well, and his company, Reuters, still does this
today, all around the world. In the Crimean War of 1853—56, a
wire was put in place across the Black Sea from Balaclava to
Varna in Bulgaria. This allowed British and French commanders
to contact their governments using the existing European system.
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