The telephone
Ordinary people could also use the telegraph for urgent messages,
but these had to be short and impersonal. This changed in 1876,
when the telephone was invented, allowing people to
communicate in a more human way. Although there are a
number of possible inventors, most people believe that the person
responsible was Alexander Graham Bell. He was born in
Edinburgh, Scotland, but the family moved to the United States
when he was twenty-three. Both his mother and wife were deaf,
and his father was a speech teacher, so Bell had a lifelong interest
in speech. “Mr. Watson, come here, I want you,” were the first
words he spoke on the telephone. They weren’t meant to be sent,
but Bell was working on one end of the system while his assistant
was listening in another room.
The first telephone exchange opened in New Haven,
Connecticut, with twenty-one customers. In Europe, Bell
increased interest in the telephone with a number of talks,
including one that he gave to Queen Victoria in 1878. In the
same year, the first company was formed in Britain. It is
interesting, though, that Bell always refused to have a telephone
in his own home.
At the beginning, all telephone connections were made by
operators in the exchange, and this gave acceptable employment
to women. After 1899, it was possible to connect using numbers
on the phone, but the women were paid very little and their
bosses saw no reason to change in a hurry. The Bell Company
didn’t use the new system until after the First World War.
The first international telephone line connected Paris and
Brussels in 1887. By 1900, international services were being
connected as well as local ones. This meant putting more wires
under the ocean. Britain was connected to the continent of
Europe in 1891. Although existing telegraph wires could be
used, long-distance telephones needed stations to make the
sound stronger along the line. New York wasn’t connected to
San Francisco until 1915. A radio connection between London
and New York was made in 1927, although this depended on
weather conditions. Similar connections were made to Australia
and South America in 1930, and from that time the telephone
was truly a world service, although it was expensive. Connections
using wire took longer; the first one across the Atlantic Ocean
wasn’t in place until 1956.
The telephone didn’t become common in private houses until
the 1920s and even then, only for the middle and upper classes.
Since that time, it has reached everybody in the worlds richer
countries. People used to have one phone in the hall, for use on
important occasions, but many now have phones in the kitchen,
the living room, the bedroom— even, in some houses, the
bathroom.
In the 1980s, cell phones appeared. The first ones were very
big, and young business people wore special suits with a deep
pocket to hold them. Now they are hand-sized and very
common, although— strangely— fewer Americans own them
than Europeans or Japanese.
It has always been difficult to build telephone lines in poorer
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countries. Because it is now easier to build a system to make cell
phones work, it is possible that in some parts of the world
telephone lines will never be built.
Radio
There were limits to the usefulness of the telephone. Ships were
out of contact, and all places needed connections and exchanges.
In 1894 a Brazilian, Roberto Landell de Moura, sent a radio
signal in Sao Paulo. He worked for the Roman Catholic Church
and the Church didn’t like this new invention. He was told to
stop work on it, and the following year some angry people
burned down the building where he worked. Five years passed
before Landell was able to show his invention again. By this time,
the leader in radio was the Italian Guglielmo Marconi.
W hen he was only twenty years old, Marconi had done his
first work with radio on his family’s land near Bologna. By 1895,
he had succeeded in sending messages, using the Morse system,
for two and a half kilometers. At the other end of the line, his
brother fired a hunting rifle to show that they had been received.
Marconi received no support in Italy, so he went to London,
where he succeeded in interesting the Post Office. He formed his
own company in 1897, and two years later sent a message to
France. By 1901, he had sent one across the Atlantic from Poldhu
in Cornwall to St John’s, Newfoundland. This was surprising,
since the world is round and radio waves travel in straight lines.
The answer came in 1924, when it was discovered that the radio
waves were sent back to Earth from high up in the sky.
In 1909, Marconi received the Nobel Prize. By that tirhe over
300 ships were using radio signals and there was already a public
service across the Atlantic. In 1904, the Cunard ship Campania
had begun to print the daily news for passengers. In 1910, while
it was sailing from Belgium to Canada, its captain read the daily
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news report and realized that the murderer Dr. Crippen was on
the ship. He didn’t tell the other passengers— so millions of
people around the world knew, but not them. The police were
waiting for Dr. Crippen when he arrived in Canada.
W hen the Titanic sank in 1912, the two “Marconi m en” on
the ship, Jack Phillips and Harold Bride, stayed and sent messages
until the power failed. Bride lived, but Phillips went down with
the ship. Their signals, using Marconi’s invention, brought the
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