The effects of diabetes mellitus include long-term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs

Glucokinase MODY requires no treatment, while transcription factor MODY (i.e. Hepatocyte nuclear factor -1alpha) requires low-dose sulfonylurea therapy and PNDM (caused by Kir6.2 mutation) requires high-dose sulfonylurea therapy.

Secondary causes of Diabetes mellitus include:

• Secondary causes of Diabetes mellitus include:

• Acromegaly,

• Cushing syndrome,

• Thyrotoxicosis,

• Pheochromocytoma

• Chronic pancreatitis,

• Cancer

• Drug induced hyperglycemia:

• Atypical Antipsychotics - Alter receptor binding characteristics, leading to increased insulin resistance.
• Beta-blockers - Inhibit insulin secretion.
• Calcium Channel Blockers - Inhibits secretion of insulin by interfering with cytosolic calcium release.
• Corticosteroids - Cause peripheral insulin resistance and gluconeogensis.
• Fluoroquinolones - Inhibits insulin secretion by blocking ATP sensitive potassium channels.
• Naicin - They cause increased insulin resistance due to increased free fatty acid mobilization.
• Phenothiazines - Inhibit insulin secretion.
• Protease Inhibitors - Inhibit the conversion of proinsulin to insulin.
• Thiazide Diuretics - Inhibit insulin secretion due to hypokalemia. They also cause increased insulin resistance due to increased free fatty acid mobilization.