Social and political situation in Uzbekistan on the threshold of independence processes I. Introduction

A. Soviet-style governance and its limitations
A. Soviet-style governance in Uzbekistan established a highly centralized system with limited scope for political participation. This system prioritized conformity and obedience over individual freedoms and allowed for minimal civil society engagement. Despite its efficiency in stimulating economic development, the governing structure hindered political pluralism, stifled dissent, and perpetuated a culture of fear and surveillance. As a result, the limitations of Soviet-style governance became increasingly evident, prompting a desire for change and reform amongst the Uzbek population on the threshold of independence processes.
B. Emergence of political parties and movements
On the threshold of independence processes, the emergence of political parties and movements played a crucial role in shaping the social and political situation in Uzbekistan. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, political spaces opened up, allowing for the formation of various political parties representing different ideologies and interests. These parties, such as the People's Democratic Party, the Social Democratic Party, and the Liberal Democratic Party, actively participated in the political process and played a key role in the establishment of a democratic system in Uzbekistan. Additionally, various political movements, including the Birlik movement and Erk Democratic Party, also made significant contributions towards the democratization process in the country, leading to the creation of a more pluralistic political landscape.
C. Repression and human rights abuses
Repression and human rights abuses have been prevalent in Uzbekistan's social and political landscape. The authoritarian regime of President Karimov stifled dissent and undermined the fundamental freedoms of its citizens. Political opponents were often subjected to imprisonment, torture, and intimidation. Freedom of expression, assembly, and association were severely restricted, leading to a climate of fear and self-censorship. The systematic violation of human rights in Uzbekistan reflects the government's disregard for international norms and the rights of its own people. As Uzbekistan approaches its independence processes, addressing these issues and establishing a culture of respect for human rights remains a critical challenge.
According to the author's analysis, the social and political situation in Uzbekistan on the threshold of independence processes was characterized by a complex dynamic between various factors. The country's population, consisting of diverse ethnic and religious groups, contributed to the tensions and internal conflicts observed during this period. Furthermore, the political landscape was marked by authoritarian rule under President Islam Karimov, who maintained a tight grip on power and suppressed opposition forces. Economic challenges, including widespread poverty and corruption, further exacerbated the social and political tensions, setting the stage for significant changes and transformations as Uzbekistan embarked on its path to independence.