Chapter 4 Guns
Sometimes, the most unlikely people think of terrible things. In
1805, John Forsyth invented a way of making guns fire better and
in all weathers. He was a church minister. Richard Gatling, who
built the first machine gun, was a doctor. Wars lead to rapid
progress, but people suffer and die. Is this a fair price to pay?
Whatever we think, the story of the gun is part of human history.
Gunpowder
Chinese scientists first discovered that when you lit certain
materials, they produced a lot of gas very quickly. The Chinese
also realized that if these materials were put into a container and
lit, they could blow the container to pieces.
In a Chinese book from 1044, three ways of making
gunpowder are discussed, although gunpowder probably existed
for at least two hundred years before this. The first bombs were
made by filling wooden tubes with gunpowder and pieces of
iron. These were then shot from a bow. There were also true
rockets, which were powered by gunpowder.
In 1126, a man called Li Gang wrote that he ordered the
people of the city of Kaifeng to “fire cannon” at the Nuzhen
people who were attacking them. Many of the Nuzhens died.
W ithin the next hundred years, cannon were produced which
were strong enough to make holes in the walls of a city.
The invention of gunpowder helped the Chinese to keep their
northern neighbors, the Mongols, out of their country for many
years. In time, though, the Mongols took Chinese gunpowder-
makers prisoner, learned how to make gunpowder themselves,
and then used it against the Chinese. As the Mongols moved
west, gunpowder traveled with them.
18
Guns in Europe
The method of making gunpowder arrived in the Arab world in
the twelfth century. In England Roger Bacon, who is sometimes
called the first English scientist, read about it in Arabic writing
and so brought the idea west.
The first cannon appeared in Europe soon after this— copies
of the guns used by the Arabs. These were made in the same way
as a wooden barrel, with a number of long pieces of metal held
together by round pieces. This is why, even today, we use the
word barrel for the long part of a gun.
This method of making them meant that the cannon had a
number of weak points and might blow up easily. To try to stop
this happening, they were very heavy. Since they were expensive
to make, needed a team of skilled men, and could only move
around very slowly, they were more useful for attacking cities
than enemy armies. From their first appearance, castles began to
be less useful in protecting cities.
Cannon were placed on European ships almost as soon as they
appeared, and their use increased, sometimes with terrible results
for the ship. Special openings were cut into the sides of ships so
they could fire out. In 1545, King Henry VIII’s finest warship, the
Mary Rose, sank because she was carrying too many guns.
There were many similar problems, but guns continued to be
used in greater and greater numbers. In 1805, Nelsons ship, the
Victory, fought at Trafalgar with 104 guns. Gunfire rarely sank
wooden ships, though. Most ships were simply hit and hit again
until they couldn’t move and most of the sailors were dead.
Dostları ilə paylaş: |