Ministry of higher education, science and innovation fergana state university

2. METEOROLOGICAL WINTER, METEOROLOGICAL SPRING, 
METEOROLOGICAL SUMMER, AND METEOROLOGICAL FALL. 
Four temperate and subpolar seasons: (above) winter, spring, (below) 
summer, autumn/fall. 
Meteorological seasons are reckoned by temperature, with summer being the 
hottest quarter of the year and winter the coldest quarter of the year. In 1780 the 
Societas Meteorologica Palatina (which became defunct in 1795), an early 
international organization for meteorology, defined seasons as groupings of three 
whole months as identified by the Gregorian calendar. Ever since, professional 
meteorologists all over the world have used this definition. Therefore, for 
temperate areas in the northern hemisphere, spring begins on 1 March, summer on 
1 June, autumn on 1 September, and winter on 1 December. For the southern 
hemisphere temperate zone, spring begins on 1 September, summer on 1 

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December, autumn on 1 March, and winter on 1 June. In Australasia the 
meteorological terms for seasons apply to the temperate zone that occupies all of 
New Zealand, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, the south-eastern corner of 
South Australia and the south-west of Western Australia, and the south east 
Queensland areas south of Brisbane. In Sweden and Finland, meteorologists and 
news outlets use the concept of thermal seasons, which are defined based on mean 
daily temperatures.
The beginning of spring is defined as when the mean daily temperature 
permanently rises above 0 °C. The beginning of summer is defined as when the 
temperature permanently rises above +10 °C, autumn as when the temperature 
permanently falls below +10 °C, and winter as when the temperature permanently 
falls below 0 °C. In Finland, "permanently" is defined as when the mean daily 
averaged temperature remains above or below the defined limit for seven 
consecutive days. (In Sweden the number of days ranges from 5 to 7 depending on 
the season.) This implies two things: 

the seasons do not begin on fixed dates and must be determined by 
observation and are known only after the fact, 

the seasons begin on different dates in different parts of the country.
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) designates four climatological 
seasons:
Winter, occurring from December to February. The year's coldest months are 
December and January, when temperatures average around 10–15 °C (50–59 °F) in 
the northwest; temperatures rise as one proceeds towards the equator, peaking 
around 20–25 °C (68–77 °F) in mainland India's southeast. 
Summer or pre-monsoon season, lasting from March to May. In western and 
southern regions, the hottest month is April; for northern regions of India, May is 
the hottest month. Temperatures average around 32–40 °C (90–104 °F) in most of 
the interior. 

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Seasons are periods of the year with distinct weather conditions and day 
lengths.
The four seasons — 
winter
, spring, summer, autumn — can vary significantly 
in characteristics and can prompt changes in the world around them. Here, we 
explore these four seasons in more detail.
Attributes of the seasons may vary by location, but there are still broad 
definitions that cross most of the boundaries. 
In the 
spring
, seeds take root and vegetation begins to grow. The weather is 
warmer and often wetter. Animals wake or return from warmer climates, often 
with newborns. Melting snow from the previous season, along with increased 
rainfall, can cause flooding along waterways, according to the 
Federal Emergency 
Management Agency
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(FEMA).
In the 
summer
, temperatures may increase to the hottest of the year. If they 
spike too high, heat waves or droughts may cause trouble for people, animals, and 
plants. For example, in the summer of 2003, the high temperatures claimed more 
than 30,000 lives, according to 
Encyclopedia Britannica
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. Rainfall 
may increase in some areas, as well. Others may receive less water, and forest fires 
may become more frequent.
In the 
autumn
, or fall, temperatures cool again. Plants may begin to grow 
dormant. Animals might prepare themselves for the upcoming cold weather, 
storing food or traveling to warmer regions.

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Winter
 often brings a chill. Some areas may experience snow or ice, while 
others see only cold rain. Animals find ways to warm themselves and may have 
changed their appearance to adapt. ―In a similar way to the Autumnal theme, 
Winter festivals celebrate the return of the light during a time of deepest physical 
darkness,‖ said De Rossi. The Indian festival of Diwali, for example, which takes 
place between October and November, celebrates the triumph of righteousness, 
and light over darkness.