How australians are coping with life
Experience of Social Media by Usage (Teens)
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- Just under half of Australian teens (approximately 45%) feel that their peers are having more rewarding
- Time Spent Connected to Social Media by Gender (Adults)
- About one quarter of everyone surveyed, irrespective of the frequency of their social media use, feel a sense of burnout from the
- Time Spent Connected to Social Media by Age Band (Adults)
- Experience of Social Media by Usage (Adults)
- As social media usage moves from light to heavy, all levels of FoMO increase on all measures
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Experience of Social Media by Usage (Teens) Heavy Social Media Users Average Light Social Media Users Australian Psychological Society Stress and wellbeing in Australia survey 2015 34 Just under half of Australian teens (approximately 45%) feel that their peers are having more rewarding experiences than them ‘ 6.4. Teen FoMO FoMO is having an effect on the lives of Australian teens.
• 50 per cent of teens experience FoMO. • On average, 59 per cent of teens feel the need to keep track of their friends when they are on holiday. • 51 per cent on average feel that it is important to post status updates when they are having a good time. • Just under half of Australian teens (approximately 45%) feel that their peers are having more rewarding experiences than them and 46 per cent also wonder if they are spending too much time keeping up with what is going on with others. Generally, there are no significant differences between male and female teens when looking at the effects of FoMO. However, female teens (60%) are more worried about missing a planned get together with their friends than male teens (46%). For teen males, FoMO is consistent across age groups (48% for males aged 13-15, and 50% for males aged 16- 17). However, as they get older females become more affected by FoMO (38% for females aged 13-15, and 66% for females aged 16-17). Heavy social media users are on are on all measures more likely to experience FoMO than light social media users.
The FoMO factor 35 Figure 23: Prevalence of ‘FoMO’ by Frequency of Social Media Usage in Teens, 2015 heavy vs light *All comparisons in the figure are significantly different at p<.001 NOTE: In the table above prevalence is classified as the percentage of respondents who indicated that a statement about FoMO was either ‘moderately true of me’, ‘very true of me’ or ‘extremely true of me’, split by prevalence of social media use, being defined as five or more times per day (up to constantly) or less than five times a day (through to once or twice a month). 78% 71%
66% 66%
63% 60%
58% 55%
54% 51%
67% 59%
55% 51%
53% 48%
46% 45%
44% 42%
53% 44%
41% 32%
41% 33%
31% 33%
31% 31%
It is important that I understand my friends "in jokes" When I go on vacation, I continue to keep tabs on what my friends are doing It bothers me when I miss an opportunity to meet up with friends When I have a good time it is important for me to share the details online (e.g. updating status) When I miss out on a planned get-together it bothers me I get worried when I find out my friends are having fun without me Sometimes, I wonder if I spend too much time keeping up with what is going on I fear others have more rewarding experiences than me I fear my friends have more rewarding experiences than me I get anxious when I don't know what my friends are up to
Heavy Social Media Users Average Light Social Media Users Australian Psychological Society Stress and wellbeing in Australia survey 2015 36 Figure 24: Time Spent Connected to Social Media by Adults and Gender, 2015 NOTE: The above figure represents the percentage of how frequently adults connect to social media when online, with results split by gender. 6.5. Adult social media usage Almost one in four Australian adults (23%) are heavy social media users, with six per cent being constantly connected (see Figure 24 below). 5% 5%
34% 27%
11% 5% 5% 7% 5% 15% 38% 21%
7% 5% 3% 6% 5% 12% 36% 23%
9% 5% 4% Constantly More than 10 times per day About 5-10 times per day About 1-4 times per day Several times a week Once a week Once or twice a month Less than once a month Time Spent Connected to Social Media by Gender (Adults) Male
Female Average
Amongst the adult age groups, the 26-35 year olds were the most likely to be constantly connected. Older Australians, particularly those aged 56 and above, reported connecting a few times per day to several times per week. In a stark comparison to the teens, more than six in 10 Australian adults report never using social media before bed, waking up, during breakfast, dinner or lunch, or in the company of other (see Table 14 at right). Australian Psychological Society Stress and wellbeing in Australia survey 2015 The FoMO factor 37 NOTE: The above figure represents the percentage of how frequently adults connect to social media when online, with results split by age group. Time of day Number of day(s) spent on social media Not one day 1 day 2 days
3 days 4 days
5 days 6 days
7 days 15 minutes before you go to sleep 60% 10%
5% 4% 4% 4% 2% 11% 15 minutes after waking up 69%
7% 5% 3% 3% 3% 1% 9% When eating breakfast 77% 5%
4% 2% 2% 1% 5% When eating lunch 68% 9% 6% 5% 4% 3% 1% 5% When eating dinner 76% 7% 6% 4% 2% 1% 1% 3% In the company of others 60% 10%
5% 4% 4% 4% 2% 11% NOTE: The table above denotes the number of days that a proportion of adults use social media during break periods such as lunch and dinner, as well as prior to sleep and after waking
Table 14: Social Media Average Usage by Adults During Periods of the Day, 2015 Figure 25: Time Spent Connected to Social Media by Adults Age Group, 2015 About one quarter of everyone surveyed, irrespective of the frequency of their social media use, feel a sense of burnout from the constant connectivity to social media ‘ 13%
13% 20%
30% 18%
5% 3% 0% 16% 14%
15% 31%
14% 5% 3% 0% 4% 4% 14% 37%
25% 13%
2% 3% 6% 1% 14%
47% 17%
5% 5% 6% 3% 2% 6% 35% 27%
12% 9% 5% 1% 2% 8% 35% 34%
9% 6% 7% 6% 5% 12% 36% 23%
9% 5% 4% Constantly More than 10 times per day About 5-10 times per day About 1-4 times per day Several times a week Once a week Once or twice a month Less than once a month Time Spent Connected to Social Media by Age Band (Adults) 18-25
26-35 36-45
46-55 56-65
66 + Average
Australian Psychological Society Stress and wellbeing in Australia survey 2015 6.6. Adult social media experience Similar to teens, Australian adults who are heavy social media users are significantly more likely than light social media users to be uncomfortable about not being connected to social media and afraid of missing out as a result. However, the same people (heavy social media users) are also more likely to feel empowered to seek help through social media, to enrich their professional networks and feel motivated to achieve health-related goals. About a quarter of all Australian adults, irrespective of the frequency of their social media use, feel a sense of burnout from the constant connectivity to social media (see Figure 26 below). *Significant at the p<.001 level, Sample size – Heavy Social Media Users n=170, Light social Media Users n=570. NOTE: In the figure above prevalence is classified as the percentage of respondents who indicated that a statement about social media was either ‘sometimes true’, ‘true fairly often’ or ‘true all the time’, split by prevalence of social media use, being defined as five or more times per day (up to constantly) or less than five times a day (through to once or twice a month). Figure 26: Social Media Experience in Adults, 2015 38 47% 46% 37%
34% 33%
32% 31%
29% 28%
44% 43%
29% 25%
28% 23%
24% 23%
25% 43%
42% 23%
17% 25%
15% 19%
19% 23%
I feel included or connected to like-minded people through participating in online forums and content-sharing sites I find the use of social media has helped strengthen my relationships *I am afraid that I will miss something if I don't stay connected to my online social networks *I feel empowered or find it easier to seek help when I need (e.g. to manage stress) through the use of social media I use social media to enrich my professional opportunities *I feel worried or uncomfortable when I can't access my social media accounts
*I use social media as a motivational tool to help me to achieve health goals (e.g. starting an exercise plan) *I find it difficult to relax or sleep after spending time on social networking sites I feel my brain 'burnout' with the constant connectivity of social media
Experience of Social Media by Usage (Adults) Heavy Social Media Users Average Light Social Media Users Australian Psychological Society Stress and wellbeing in Australia survey 2015 The FoMO factor Table 15: Prevalence of FoMO by Age Group, 2015 39
light to heavy, all levels of FoMO increase on all measures Prevalence 18-25 26-35
36-45 46-55
56-65 66 +
All (average) (n=42)
(n=108) (n=132)
(n=119) (n=179)
(n=160) (n=740)
FoMO 48%**
44%** 30%*
8% 9% 5% 24% ‘ 6.7. Adult FoMO Levels of FoMO reported by adult age groups are significantly less than those reported by teens. In comparison to teen age groups, 24 per cent of adults experience FoMO and 16 per cent on average wonder if they spend too much time keeping up with what’s going on. On average, there are no significant differences between males and females when it comes to experiencing FoMO. However, males are significantly more concerned with understanding their friends’ in-jokes. There are significant differences between age groups in the adult sample. Older Australians are significantly less likely to report that they experience FoMO. *P<.05 - 36-45 different to 46-66 **P<.05 - 18-35 different to 36-66+ NOTE: In the table above prevalence is classified as the percentage of respondents who indicated that a statement about the FoMO was either ‘moderately true of me’, ‘very true of me’ or ‘extremely true of me’, split by age group. Australian Psychological Society Stress and wellbeing in Australia survey 2015 Australian Psychological Society survey of stress and well-being in Australia 2015 40 As social media usage moves from light (connecting to social media a few times a week to up to four times a day) to heavy (connecting to social media five times a day to constantly being connected), FoMO increases on all measures identified in the survey. Australians aged 18 to 35 are significantly higher in their reported experience of FoMO compared to all the other age groups (p<.001). 20%
18% 16%
15% 15%
14% 12%
11% 10%
8% 22%
21% 19%
18% 17%
17% 16%
14% 11%
10% 32%
34% 32%
31% 26%
33% 35%
29% 17%
16% *It is important that I understand my friends in jokes *It bothers me when I miss an opportunity to meet up with friends *I fear others have more rewarding experiences than me
*When I miss out on a planned get-together it bothers me *I fear my friends have more rewarding experiences than me
*When I go on vacation, I continue to keep tabs on what my friends are doing *Sometimes, I wonder if I spend too much time keeping up with what is going on *When I have a good time it is important for me to share the details online (e.g. updating status) I get worried when I find out my friends are having fun without me I get anxious when I don't know what my friends are up to
FoMO by Usage (Adults) Heavy Social Media Users Average Light Social Media Users Figure 27: Prevalence of FoMO by Frequency of Social Media Usage in Adults, 2015 * Significant at p<.001. NOTE: In the figure above prevalence is classified as the percentage of respondents who indicated that a statement about FoMO was either ‘moderately true of me’, ‘very true of me’ or ‘extremely true of me’, split by prevalence of social media use, being defined as five or more times per day (up to constantly) or less than five times a day (through to once or twice a month). 40
The FoMO factor
REFERENCES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R., (1983). A Global Measure of Perceived Stress. Journal of Health and
Coombs, T. (2005). Australian Mental Health Outcomes and Classification Network; Kessler -10 Training Manual, NSW Institute of Psychiatry. Lovibond, S.H. & Lovibond, P.F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. (2nd. Ed.) Sydney: Psychology Foundation.
Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioural correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1814-1848. Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Stephen, J., Weich, S., Parkison, J., Secker, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007). The Warwick- Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation. Health
The Stress and wellbeing survey is in its fifth year. The first administration of the survey was conducted in August 2011. Acknowledgement and thanks goes to the following people and organisations:
• Professor Greg Murray FAPS as chief investigator at Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia, as host university of the survey. • Professor Lyn Littlefield for her ongoing contribution. • Strategic Intelligence Group for assistance with data analysis and report preparation.
Contact details: r.liang@psychology.org.au Australian Psychological Society Stress and wellbeing in Australia survey 2015 41 Stress & wellbeing Australian Psychological Society survey of stress and well-being in Australia 2015 40 42 Table 17: Location of Survey Participants in 2015 Table 18: Age Group of Survey Participants in 2015 Location Sample
ABS Victoria
26 per cent (400) 25 per cent New South Wales 29 per cent (448) 32 per cent Queensland 20 per cent (304) 20 per cent South Australia 10 per cent (153) 7 per cent West Australia 9 per cent (133) 10 per cent Tasmania 3 per cent (44) 2 per cent ACT
2 per cent (32) 2 per cent Northern Territory 0 per cent (7) 1 per cent Location
Sample ABS
18-25 12 per cent (184) 14 per cent 26-35
19 per cent (290) 18 per cent 36-45 21 per cent (312) 18 per cent 46-55
18 per cent (269) 17 per cent 56-65 16 per cent (242) 13 per cent 66-75
11 per cent (166) 9 per cent 76+ 4 per cent (57) 10 per cent Table 16: Gender of survey participants in 2015 APPENDICES Appendix A: Sample statistics Representative sample matched to the Australian Bureau of Statistics: Gender
Sample ABS
Male 46 per cent (705) 49 per cent Female
53 per cent (813) 51 per cent Stress & wellbeing
41 43 Appendix B: Measuring stress, distress, depression and anxiety The stress and wellbeing levels of Australians were assessed using the following standardised and validated measures: • Level of overall wellbeing measured by Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) –
developed by researchers at the Warwick and Edinburgh Universities in the UK, to assess the mental wellbeing (positive mental health) of a population. The scale is a validated measured using positively worded items. Example item: ‘In the past week, I have been feeling optimistic about the future’. The level of overall wellbeing was derived by summing the scores of the 14 items of the WEMWBS. Item scores on the WEMWBS range from 1-5 with the total scale scores ranging from 14-70. Higher scores indicate greater wellbeing (Tennant, Hiller, Fishwick, et al., 2007) • Level of stress measured by The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) – measures the degree that situations in the respondent’s life are evaluated as stressful and designed to tap evaluate how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded respondents find their lives. It also measures current levels of experienced stress. Example item: ‘In the last month, how often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you
of the PSS following reverse scoring of four positively stated items of the scale. Item scores on the PSS range from 0-4 with the total scale scores ranging from 0-44. Higher scores indicate higher levels of stress (Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983). • Level of distress measured by Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10) – developed by the Harvard Medical School as a global measure of distress based on questions about anxiety and depressive symptoms that a person has experienced in the most recent 4 week period. Example item: ‘In the last month, about how often did you feel tired out for no good reason?’ The level of distress was derived by summing the scores of the 10 items of the K-10. Items scores on the K-10 range from 1-5 with the total scale scores ranging from 10-50. Scores range from 10-50 with higher scores indicating greater psychological distress. Scores of the K-10 were further categorised into normal, moderate, and severe levels of distress using the interpretation guidelines provided in the K10 manual to assess the impact on individuals’ distress on functioning via categorisation (Coombs, 2005). • Level of depression and anxiety measured by DASS-21 Depression & Anxiety Scales - that measure the severity of a range of symptoms common to both Depression and Anxiety. The respondent indicates the presence of various depression and anxiety symptoms over the previous week. Each item is scored from 0 - did not apply to me at all over the last week, to 3 - applied to me very much or most of the time over the past week. Example item: ‘In the past week, I couldn’t seem to experience any positive feeling at all’. The level of depression and anxiety symptoms were derived by summing the seven item scores for each of the depression and anxiety subscales of the DASS-21. Scale scores were than multiplied by two to obtain the final score. These scores were also classified into normal, mild, moderate, severe or extremely severe categories in accordance with the DASS-21 manual (Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). Australian Psychological Society Stress and wellbeing in Australia survey 2015 Yüklə 353,18 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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