Chapter 6 Flight
For many centuries, people watched birds and dreamed that they
could fly. We cannot fly like birds, though; we don’t have enough
strength in our arms to move wings up and down. We also really
need the power of an engine to drive us forward. Many people died
learning these lessons, before controlled flight became possible.
Flying machines
In the year 875 in Cordoba, Spain, a man called Abbas Ibn Firnas
built a flying machine which could carry a human being. He
invited the people of the town to come and watch as he jum ped
off a mountain. Reports tell us that he flew some distance, but
the landing was hard. Abbas hurt his back badly and was never
able to fly again. He said later that he hadn’t noticed that birds
land on their tails— he had forgotten to put a tail on the
machine.
It is possible that news of his flight reached England, carried
there by men returning from war in the Middle East. W hether
this is true or not, in 1010 a man called Oliver jum ped off a
church roof in Malmesbury. This time we know the distance of
his flight— 125 steps. He was only a little luckier than Abbas; he
broke both his legs, but he too was never able to fly again.
In the last years of the fifteenth century, the Italian Leonardo
da Vinci studied the flight of birds and made a number of
drawings of flying machines. His early machines tried to copy the
movement of birds’ wings, which he didn’t fully understand. But
less than ten years before his death in 1519, he drew a machine
with wings that didn’t move. One of these machines was built
recently, and it did fly, although it was too dangerous to be tested
without ropes holding it to the ground. In 1536 in France, Denis
Bolor returned to the idea of moving wings. He tried to fly using
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wings that were moved up and down. The idea didn’t work and
he fell to his death.
The most successful of these early flights was in 1638 in
Istanbul. Hezarfen Celebi built a pair of wings using da Vincis
drawings. He made nine practice flights from the top of a hill.
W hen he was sure that the wings would work, he jumped off a
high building in Galata and flew across the Bosphorus to land in
the market place at Uskudar (Scutari). The government gave him
1,000 gold pieces, but it was frightened of Celebi’s powers and
sent him to live in Algeria.
Balloons
Another way of flying was tried in France in 1783, when the
Montgolfier brothers sent up a hot-air balloon. To make the hot
air, they burned wool and old shoes. Later that same year, they
tested their new idea in front of King Louis XVI. This time the
balloon carried passengers: two birds and a sheep. The first
manned flight was in November, when two men in a balloon
reached a height of twenty-five meters. The following month, the
first flight with one person was made by Jacques Charles. He went
up to 3,500 meters and flew for over thirty-six kilometers. In
January 1784 one of the Montgolfier brothers, Joseph, finally flew,
with six other passengers. A year later, a balloon crossed the water
between France and England. The trip took two and a half hours.
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