Features of French loans:
-the accent on the last syllable: finance, finesse, supreme;
-ch /ʃ/, e.g. avalanche, chandelier, chauffeur, charlatan, chic;
-g before e and i /ʒ/, e.g. beige, bourgeois, camouflage, massage;
-ou /u:/: coup, rouge;
-eau /ou/ château;
-silent final consonant p, s, t: coup, debris, ragoût, trait, ballet, debut.
Semantic groups of French borrowings:
administration: crown, country, people, office, nation, government;
titles and ranks of nobility: baron, duke, duchess, prince, peer,
but lord, lady, king, queen, earl, knight – native;
jurisdiction: case, heir, poor, justice, marriage, jury, prove;
the Church and religion: abbey, altar, Bible, grace, pray, saint;
military terms: army, battle, escape, soldier, navy, aid;
entertainment: dance, chase, partner, sport, tournament, cards;
fashion: dress, lace, embroidery, garment, mitten, frock;
food and drink: dinner, supper, appetite, spice, taste, vinegar, fruit;
the domestic life: chair, blanket, lantern, chandelier, couch, towel;
11. Greek borrowings. Features of Greek borrowings.
Features of Greek loans:
ch [k]: chemistry, character;
ph [f]: phenomenon, physics, phonetics;
th [θ]: theme, theatre, myth;
ps [s]: pseudonym, psychic;
rh [r]: rhythm, rhetor;
y /i/ in interconsonantal and final positions: system, physics, comedy;
ae: encyclopaedia ‘training in a circle,’ i.e. the ‘circle’ of arts and sciences, the essentials of a liberal education; from enkyklios ‘circular,’ also ‘general’ (from en ‘in’ + kyklos ‘circle’) + paideia ‘education, child-rearing’;
12. Morphology as a branch of linguistics. The morphemic structure of English words. Typology of morphemes. Structural and semantic classifications of morphemes.
Morphology is a branch of linguistics which studies the form, inner structure, function, and patterns of occurrence of a morpheme as the smallest meaningful unit of language.
The term morphology (Gr. morphé ‘form, shape’ and lógos ‘study’) was borrowed from biology by the German writer J. W. von Goethe in the 19th century; it was taken up by linguistics to designate the study of form and structure of living organisms as a cover term for inflection and word formation.
Theoretical foundations of morphology were laid in Aristotle’s grammars and Stoics’ works, who were the first to define four parts of speech (the noun, the verb, the conjunction, and the link), introduced the notions of case, gender system of nouns, the system of verbal tenses.
The fundamental principles of modern European grammars were established by Aristotle’s disciple Dionysus from Fracia (II c. BC), who singled out eight parts of speech (the noun, the verb, the participle, the link, the pronoun, the preposition, the adverb, and the conjunction).
In the 19th c. interest in morphology was stimulated by the development of approaches to world languages classification resulting in the study of general laws of structure and significant elements such as prefixes and inflections.
In the 20th c. the field of morphology has been narrowed to the study of the internal structure of words.
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