Z. M. Bobur nomidagi andijon davlat universiteti chet tillar fakulteti ingliz tili va adabiyoti kafedrasi

A filmstrip projector which can be used in a partially darkened room.
An overhead projector used for projection of a table, a scheme, a chart, a plan, a map or a text for everyone to see on a screen. They can be used both in a daylight and artificial light.
Television and radio equipment: Television would make it possible to demonstrate the language in increasingly varied everyday situations; pupils are invited to look, listen and speak; television and radio programmes are broadcast, but it is not always easy for teachers using these programmes to synchronize their lesson time with the time of the television or radio transmission;
Teaching machines which can be utilized for present information to the pupils, for drilling, or testing; the teaching machine can provide an interaction between the pupil and the "programme"; the learner obtains a stimulus and a feed-back from his/her response; thus, favorable conditions are created for individual pupils to learn, for instance, vocabulary, grammar, reading, etc.
A language laboratory. This is a special classroom designed for language learning. It is equipped with individual seats or semi-private stalls. They are connected with a network of audio writing, the nerve centre of which is the monitoring console which has a
The language laboratory is used for listening and speaking. It is used for "structural drills" which usually involve rephrasing sentences according to a model, or effecting the substitutions.
The language laboratory keeps a full class of pupils working and learning for the entire period, and thus enables the teacher to teach the foreign language more effectively. The teacher must know about each aid described above, be able to operate it, and train pupils to use it. When used in different combinations teaching aids can offer valuable help to the teacher of a foreign language in making the learning of this subject in schools more effective for pupils.
Teaching Materials
By teaching materials we mean the materials which the teacher can use to help pupils learn a foreign language through visual or audio perception. They must be capable of contributing to the achievement of the practical, cultural, and educational aims of learning a foreign language. The following teaching materials are in use nowadays: teacher's books, pupil's books, visual materials, audio materials, and audio-visual materials.
A teacher’s book must be must be comprehensive enough to be a help to the teacher. This book should provide all the recorded material summaries of the aims and new teaching points of each lesson; a summary of all audio and visual materials required; suggestions for the conduct of the lesson and examples of how the teaching points can be developed.
Pupil’s book must include textbooks, manuals, supplementary readers, dictionaries, programmed materials.
Textbooks. The textbook is one of the most important source:; of obtaining knowledge. It contains the material at which pupils work both during class periods under the teacher's supervision and at home independently. The textbook also determines the ways and the techniques pupils should use in learning, the material to be able to apply it when hearing, speaking, reading and writing.
The modern textbooks for teaching a foreign language should meet the following requirements:

1. 
   The textbooks should provide pupils with the knowledge of the language sufficient for developing language skills, i.e., they must include the fundamentals of the target language.
   
2. 
   They ensure pupils activity in speaking, reading and writing, i.e., they must correspond to the aims of foreign language teaching in schools
   
3. 
   The textbooks must arouse pupils' interest and excite their curiosity
   
4. 
   The textbooks must extend pupils' educational horizon, i.e., the material of textbooks should be of educational value.
   
5. 
   They should have illustrations to help pupils in comprehension and in speaking.
   
6. 
   The textbooks must reflect the life and culture of the people whose language the pupils study.
   

Every textbook for learning a foreign language should contain exercises and texts.
The textbooks should provide the revisions of words in texts, drills and speech exercises. Exercises for developing oral language should constitute 40-50 % of the exercises of the textbook. The other 50 % will be those designed for assimilating vocabulary, grammar, the technique of reading etc.
Manuals. It is a handbook which may be used in addition to the textbook.
Selected reading. There is a great variety of supplementary readers graded in forms and types of schools.
Dictionaries. For learning English there are some English-Russian, English-Uzbek, English-Karakalpak dictionaries available.
Programmed materials. They are necessary when programmed learning is used. The main features of programmed learning are as follows

1. 
   Learning by small easy steps. Every step or frame calls for a written or an oral response which requires both attention and thought.
   
2. 
   Immediate reinforcement by supplying a correct answer after each response. The pupil is aware that his response is right. The steps are so small and the their arrangement is so orderly that he is likely to make very few errors. When an error occurs, he discovers his mistake immediately by comparing his response with the one given in "the feed-back",
   
3. 
   Progression at the learning rate of each individual pupil. Each pupil can work at his pace.
   

Visual materials. Objects (Realia). There are a lot of things in the classroom such as pens and pencils of different sizes and colours/ books, desks, and many other articles which the teacher can use in presenting English names for them and in stimulating pupils' activities to utilize the words denoting the objects they can see, touch, point to, give, take, etc. Toys and puppets may be widely used in teaching children of primary schools, which is the case in the specialized schools.
Flashcards. a) Picture flashcards b) word flashcards. A flashcarcl is a card with a letter, a sound symbol, or a word to be used for a quick showing to pupils and in this way for developing pupils' skills in reading and pronunciation. Picture flashcards have the advantage that the teacher can prepare them at his/her leisure at home. In this way, they can be made more attractive and colorful an can include details impossible to include in a hastily drawn blackboard picture. Although, they will probably be used in much the same sort of way and for much the same sort of purpose as blackboard drawings, they have the advantage of cutting down greatly on time as well as providing variety. One can also make double sided flashcards to use when drilling certain contrasting language items, e.g.