Victorian age literature

2.2. George meredith. Thomas hardy. Stevenson. Rudyard Kipling.
In the Middle Ages and beyond, some other novelists created works that were less productive and less highly regarded during the less developed art period. Charles Kingsley 1819-1875 spent most of his life as a priest and rector of the small Hampshire Church in Eversley by his selfless choice , although he was a professor of history at Cambridge for several years. An aggressive Protestant, in later years he got into an argument with Cardinal Newman, which led to Newman's apology. From the beginning, Kingsley, along with FD Maurice, was an active participant in the Christian Socialist movement aimed at improving working class conditions. Published in 1849, Elton Locke and Yeast were a powerful but sensible and very influential expression of his beliefs - fiery arguments in the form of fiction against existing social injustice. His most famous books are Hypatia 1853, a novel about the church in conflict with Greek philosophy in fifth-century Alexandria, and Western Ho! 1855, which sympathetically represents the adventurous side of Elizabeth's life. His brief "Andromeda" is one of the best English poems in the classical dactyl hexameter. Charles Reed 1814-1884, whose dramatic mind was somewhat similar to Dickens although Reed was educated at the university and admitted to the bar, divided his interest and fiery energy between drama and novel. But while his plays were so dubious that he usually had to pay to stage them, his novels were often strong and successful. Personally , he was an ardent evangelist, and like Dickens, he was often inspired by the wrath of social injustice. His "Hard Money" 1863, in which the attack on private shelters for the insane is very strong; but his most important work, The Monastery and the Furnace 1861, is one of the most well-known and brilliant of all historical novels, and its protagonist is Father Erasmus. No writer is more attractive and beautiful than Reed, but he can’t control himself and is often very noisy and melodramatic. The style of Anthony Trollope 1815-1882 in his fifties novel is completely different. The trolley , who had worked in the post office for a long time , was a very strict and a little ordinary man. Partly a disciple of Tekeray, he followed Tekeray's example in refusing to take his art seriously as an art; on the contrary, he saw it as a form of business, mocked the idea of special inspiration, and strictly adhered to the number of sheets of paper that were firmly and firmly established within a certain hour of each working day. The result is not as disastrous as expected ; there is a lot of truth and interest in his novels. Most notable are the half-dozen books on church life in his imaginary Barsetshire county, starting with The Overseer and Barchester Towers. His biography, in several chapters, is one of the most notable speeches about the art of writing by a member of the profession. Richard Blackmore 1825–1900, first a lawyer and later a market garden manager, was the author of many novels, but he is remembered only by Lorna Dunn 1869, a charming depiction of Devonshire rural life written in a romantic setting . During the reign of James II. His simple-minded and huge protagonist, John Ridd , is undoubtedly one of the most recurring figures in English fiction. Joseph H. Shorthaus 1834–1903, a Birmingham chemist, but the only man who was very good by nature, is also worth mentioning in John Inglesant 1881. In the middle of the seventeenth century, when the struggle of religious and political parties provided materials particularly suitable for the author’s purposes, this spiritual novel is an affirmation of the supremacy of the inner life of the high church over the outer life. From this point of view , it is one of the most important English novels, and although much of it is philosophical and not devoid of technical errors, some of it is at the extreme limit of mastering the narrative interest. reaches Oxford student Walter Pater 1839-1894 also clearly expresses the spirit of separation from the world, which led to personal alienation from active life in his work. He was a master of the elegantly written, somewhat bold style he used in essays on the Renaissance and other historical and artistic themes, and in his spiritual novel Marius Epicurchi 1885. No less noteworthy and better built than John Inglesant , the latter was built during the reign of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, but its atmosphere is only partially historically reliable.
George Meredith .
in addition to the lack of elements to do , George Meredith would certainly have ranked the highest among novelists. In time, he became partly a contemporary of George Eliot, as he began publishing a little earlier. But he survived it for a long time and continued to write until the end of his life; and its recognition was delayed for a long time; Thus, it can be placed correctly in the next group of Victorian novelists. His long life was free from external events; he was a newspaper writer for a long time, and then a literary reader in a publishing house; he spent the last years of his life quietly in Surrey, enjoying the friendship of Swinburne and other writers. Among novelists , he occupies a similar position among poets with Brown, who has a completely different temperament and ideas. He writes only for the intelligent and thoughtful, and seeks to understand the deeper things of life and character, ignoring the dramatic external phenomenon and using it only as one of the means of achieving his main goal. His style is bright, epigrammatic, and subtle ; and he prefers to imply more than to say it directly. All of this places great, perhaps very great demands on the reader’s attention, but there is certainly an appropriate incentive. Meredith’s general attitude to life is a beautiful attitude of quiet philosophical belief, the attitude of people like Shakespeare and Goethe. He disregards sentimentality, admiring qualities such as calmness and good breeding, which are mainly the best examples of English aristocracy; and in all his interpretations modern science has been very influential. His masculine courage and optimism are as evident as those of Brown; he wrote the remarkable part of the comedy, and often requires an emphasis on the comic rather than on the tragic side of the events, although it can be strong in tragedy as well; and her fascination with the beauty of the world and the romance of her youthful love is delightful. Perhaps the best way to address him is in "Evan Harrington" 1861 and "The Trial of Richard Feverell " 1859. Selfish 1879 and Diana Cross 1885 are among his other most powerful books. In his early years he wrote many poems, which are almost identical to his prose qualities. Some of them are rude in form, but other parts are gloriously dramatic, and a number of their poems, such as “Unique and Great Love in the Valley,” are charmingly beautiful.
Thomas Hardy.
Thomas Hardy born 1840 described the pessimistic interpretation of modern science openly and fully, with almost the same brutal consistency that distinguishes it from modern European writers such as Zola. Mr. Hardy turned early from architecture to literature, and lived alone in the south of England, in ancient Vessex , where he was the stage for all his novels. His knowledge of life is reliable and his technique is virtuoso in every way. He preferred to deal mainly with people from the middle and poor strata of society, because like Wordsworth, although he had a completely different emphasis, the real-life facts in their experience were the most accurate. settings were visible. His intentional theory is pure fatalism: human character and behavior are the inevitable result of hereditary and environmental laws, which are not controlled by man. The Return of the Born 1878 and Far Away from the Serious Crowd 1874 are among his best novels, although Tess's sensational openness 1891 brought her great fame.
Stevenson.
Robert Louis Stevenson 1850-1894, the first group of contemporary Scottish fiction writers, is the most different from Hardy. His father and grandfather were destined to be unique construction engineers and beacon builders , who became incapacitated for work due to their inclinations and lack of health, and later became a lawyer, which he studied. the profession was no longer appropriate. As a child, he , like Scott, took great pleasure in exploring human nature on trips around the country, and, unlike Scott, practiced writing constantly to perfect his style. As an author , he took his place very slowly; and his whole mature life was a remarkably courageous and resolute struggle against the disease, which usually prevented him from working more than two or three hours a day, and often kept him in bed for months, unable to even speak. A trip to California on an immigrant train in 1879-1880 led to her death, but she achieved her goal, marrying American Mrs. Osborne, whom she had previously met in the circle of artists in France. He first succeeded in 1882 with a boy story about pirates called Treasure Island. The Garden of Poems 1885 was immediately recognized as one of the most endless works of sympathy for children; and the novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jacqueline and Mr. Hyde 1886 is a peculiar and surprisingly powerful moral lesson that strangely awaits further discoveries in psychology. impression. Given Stevenson’s disability, he has written an astonishing number of works - essays, short stories, and novels, but other books worth mentioning here - four novels of eighteenth-century Scottish life pertaining to his later period. years; Of these, Master Ballantrae and Hermiston Dam are the best. Like his widespread prayers, his letters, which reveal his charming and heroic nature, are also among the most interesting in the history of English literature. The weakness of the body, especially tuberculosis, forced him to wander from one resort to another , which eventually drove him entirely from Europe to the South Seas. Eventually he settled in Samoa, and in the last half years of his life there he was engaged not only in land clearing, house-building, and writing, but also in a vigorous effort to serve the local people. themselves and with the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States. His death occurred suddenly when he was forty-four years of age, and the Samoans, in deep appreciation of what he had done for them, buried him in a high mountain overlooking both his home and the sea. Stevenson, perhaps in the middle of a century very busy with deeper problems, advocated a return to a simple romantic spirit, and from time to time he offered pleasant entertainments for reading . In the end, however, his general serious insignificance condemns him to a secondary position at best. At best, his storytelling technique like that in Master Ballantra is perfect; his image of men he almost never tried women is just as real; his style has no advantage over English; the subtle sensitivity and sharpness of observation make him a master of imagery. But in his attitude to life he never reached full maturity perhaps because of the greatest efforts of the will necessary to maintain his strength; not only did he retain a childish interest in simple adventures until the end, but sometimes these adventures are melodramatic and unnecessarily unpleasant, and in his novels and stories he makes almost no interpretation of the world. No English prose writer has been more influential recently , but it is unlikely that the reputation of any of them will decline over time.
Rudyard Kipling.
The name that naturally completes the list of Victorian writers is Rudyard Kipling, although it still belongs to the 20th century. Son of a professor of architecture and sculpture at the University of Bombay in India , he was born in 1865 in the same city. Educated at the United Services College for Army and Navy officers in England, he returned to India at the age of seventeen, where he worked intensively for the first time in Lahore newspapers in the north-west of the country. . Living with the permission of the command of the frontier army, he strengthened his deep knowledge of the British army. His instinct for storytelling in poetry and prose originated in his childhood, but his first notable appearance in print was in 1886, when a collection of poems was later included in Section Ditties. "Simple Tales from the Hills" in prose and other works quickly followed him and gained enthusiastic recognition. In 1890 she moved to the United States, where she married and lived for seven years. Since then he has lived in England, with a break in South Africa. He wrote a lot in the 90s; since then both production quantity and quality have declined. Kipling is a living movement led by courageous and productive people and a representative of the spirit of British imperialism. In his poem The Burden of the White Man, his imperialism is the belief that it is the duty of the higher races to civilize the lowly with a strong hand; and he never doubts that most of these obligations belong to England, a theory which is certainly supported by history. Kipling has a keen observation ability, the most sincere and democratic human empathy, and incredible dramatic power. Consequently , he made an invaluable contribution to literature by describing in prose and poetry the life of a British common soldier, the life of the British army on the borders of the empire. On the other hand , his poems lack the best qualities of poetry at all. Danny Diver , Pharaoh and Sergeant, Fluffy Vuzzi, Ballad of the East and West, The Last Chant, Mulholland Treaty, and others are impressive, but their colloquial language and general realism put them on a completely different note. on another level. in relation to the works of great masters who expressed deeper truths in forms of enduring beauty. From time to time, however, Kipling voices religious sentiments in a simple and touching way, describing the " McEndrew Anthem ," "The Stagnation," and " The Last Picture of the Earth." His tumultuous rhythms and glorious forms of expression, which show the vast oceans, plains, and interstellar space , and which he is pleased to deal with, have been copied many times by the authors of the little poems. His very vivid and active imagination allows him not only to humanize animal life with remarkable success, as in the prose of The Jungle Book, but also to act delicately in the mysterious world, as in the stories of "They" and "They." "The boy from the brush. Among the stories he is the most influential writer of recent times as a witness to " The Man Who Wanted to Be King, "" The Man Who Was, "" Without the Help of the Priests, "and" Vi Willie Vinki "; although with all the openness of modern realism it sometimes leads us to scenes of extreme physical horror.With longer stories it is usually less successful; However, "Kim" has much greater power.
Historians.
This book, which is a very well-defined brief description of English literature, inevitably ignores the scholars, economists, and philosophers who wrote much of Victorian thought. However, among the many well-known historians, two should be mentioned for the brilliant literary quality of their works. James Anthony Froude 1818-1894 was a student of Carlisle , who took the idea of gathering history around his greats and giving it a dramatic dramatic effect. Froude, this is also an exaggeration, and besides, he is sadly wrong, but his books are incredibly interesting. His "History of England from the Fall of Wolsi to the Armada" is his longest work; his Julius Casar ’s Essay is undoubtedly one of the most interesting biographical and history books. John Richard Green 1837-1883, a selfless priest before becoming a historian, struggled with illness throughout his life and eventually ended his career. The History of the English People is an excellent representation of the modern historical spirit, which considers the general social conditions to be more important than external events; but as a story, it competes with Macaulay’s completely different story. Special mention should be made of VE Lekkin, who belongs to the school of conscientious scientific history . For example, the history of rationalism in Europe is a remarkable monument to the most thorough study and the most effective exposition; but his interest in the mature mind is equally felt.