Uzbekistan, officially Republic of Uzbekistan, Uzbek Ŭzbekiston or Ŭzbekistan Respublikasi

Health and welfare
Hospital care for Uzbeks improved after 1924. Death rates at first fell markedly, but new problems later arose in public health because of environmental contamination, especially around the Aral Sea (see above Drainage), and maternal and infant morbidity and mortality rates now rank among the highest in the former Soviet states. The longevity of adult males also continues to lag behind rates elsewhere in the former Soviet republics. The poor quality of health care in Uzbekistan is attributable to discriminatory allocations for health care during the Soviet period and to a lack of sufficient attention to environmental problems by public health officials.
Housing
Good public housing continued to be in short supply into the 21st century, despite large outlays by the government in this sector. Efforts since independence to increase private home ownership have proceeded slowly due in part to low availability of affordable housing. Many citizens have erected their own houses—usually simple low structures, like those in the past, built around courtyards planted with fruit trees and gardens open to the skies but closed off from the streets—on suburban plots around Tashkent and other cities that have become available in large numbers.
Uzbekistan made concerted efforts in the 21st century toward developing its rural housing sector with assistance from the Asian Development Bank. The Housing for Integrated Rural Development (HIRD) program, a multisector strategy launched in 2009, sought to build infrastructure that would improve and diversify the housing market in rural areas. While the program increased the availability of rural housing, it fell short in improving affordability. In 2019 Uzbekistan undertook an initiative designed to improve the accessibility of market-based mortgage credit.
Education
The famed medieval seminaries (madrasahs) of Bukhara, Khiva, Samarkand, and the Fergana Valley, long in decline, underwent a revival in the late 18th and again in the late 19th century that prepared new generations for carrying on Muslim education throughout Central Asia. Thousands of seminarians had flocked to those great institutions from inside and outside the region. Owing to both the renewed concern for education in the 1890s and the models offered by sudden activism among modernizers in Egypt, India, Turkey, and Tatarstan, Central Asia instituted its own educational reform movement known as the New Method (usul-i jadid) during the first two decades of the 20th century. The leaders of the Jadids, as they called themselves, included Munawwar Qari in Tashkent, Mahmud Khoja Behbudiy in Samarkand, Sadriddin Ayniy in Bukhara, and ʿAshur ʿAli Zahiriy in Kokand (Qŭqon). They exerted a strong influence on education during the initial decades of the Soviet period, and their methods and aims have reemerged since independence.
After the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev instituted policies of glasnost (“openness”) and perestroika (“restructuring”) in the mid-1980s, Uzbekistan’s school administrators and teachers acknowledged openly the inadequacies of public education and began intensive efforts to modernize primary and secondary education; among other measures, Uzbek replaced Russian as the primary language of instruction. These efforts rendered most schoolbooks, which were written in Russian, unusable. The new language emphasis and the change in ideology created a need for hundreds of thousands of copies of entirely new instructional materials in Uzbekistan’s elementary and secondary school system. In response to that need, several histories of Uzbekistan—somewhat liberated from communist ideological strictures but still showing Marxist influence—appeared soon after independence, written by scholars experienced in Soviet historiography. Higher education, too, began the massive switch from Russian-language instruction and teaching materials to a curriculum and classroom procedure based entirely on Uzbek.
After the destruction of the informal Jadid system by communist authorities in the early 1920s, higher research shifted to such newer educational institutions as Tashkent State University and, after 1942, to the Uzbek S.S.R. branch of Moscow’s Academy of Sciences. At its zenith, the latter academic complex supported some 200 scholarly institutes and centres. After independence, and to some extent starting even earlier, the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan declined in prestige and suffered large losses in subsidies. By 1992 many institutes had closed or combined with others, and competing institutions with funding from various state agencies arose to operate in the same field.
Most educational institutions, except for the emerging Islamic centres with their maktabs (primary schools) and madrasahs organized and supported by Muslim religious educators and their followers, continued to depend on the state for their budgets and therefore must follow the dictates of Uzbekistan’s authoritarian leaders. In contrast, the network of Islamic institutions—centred in the Fergana Valley—has attracted to religious instruction thousands of young people, of whom about half remain outside the public schools.