IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 9, Issue 6 Ver. III (Nov -Dec. 2014), PP 16-29
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Genetically Modified Birds
Chidinma Adanna Levi
1
, Daniel Don Nwibo
2
, Christian Onyeka Chukwuka
3
,
and Chidimma Linda Mbadugha
4
1,3
Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria,
Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
2
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbial Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Tokyo, Japan
4
Pharmaceutical Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom.
Abstract:
Genetic engineering, which is synonymous to genetic modification, is the designed alteration of the
genetic make-up of an organism and it is the basis for modern biotechnology. on the other hand, biotechnology
is the application of science in production of goods and services using biological agents. The cell which is the
functional unit of life contains two kinds of nucleic acids: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the Ribonucleic
acid (RNA). While the DNA is the genetic material, the RNA functions in protein synthesis. The tools and
method for genetic modification include; gene insertion, gene deletion and gene regulation. Vectors are the
biological vehicles used to transport DNA into host cells and without them, the whole process will be almost
impossible. Birds belong to the class of aves and are characterised by presence of feathers. They are classified
into precocious, semi precocious altricial and semi altricial based on development. However, birds can be
modified for improved egg production, meat production, erythropeitin production and bird flu resistance. That
notwithstanding, concerns have been raised on its effect on the environment and human health risks including
concerns for modern birds and their own health. Whatever the case may be, the choice to consume transgenic
birds should be left to the consumers, therefore, clear distinctions should be made between transgenic and non-
transgenic bird for consumers to choose.
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