Modal verbs

Modal verbs.
The English modal verbs are a subset of the English auxiliary verbs used mostly to express modality (properties such as possibility, obligation, etc.).[1] They can be distinguished from other verbs by their defectiveness (they do not have participle or infinitive forms) and by their neutralization[2] (that they do not take the ending (s) in the third-person singular).

The principal English modal verbs are can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, and must. Certain other verbs are sometimes classed as modals; these include ought, had better, and (in certain uses) dare and need. Verbs which share only some of the characteristics of the principal modals are sometimes called "quasi-modals", "semi-modals", or "pseudo-modals".[2]

Modal verbs and their features.
The verbs customarily classed as modals in English have the following properties:
They do not inflect (in the modern language) except insofar as some of them come in present–past (present–preterite) pairs. They do not add the ending -(e)s in the third-person singular (the present-tense modals therefore follow the preperite-present paradigm).
They are defective they are not used as infinitives or participles (except occasionally in non-standard English; see Double modals below), nor as imperatives, nor (in the standard way) as subjunctives.
They function as auxiliary verbs: they modify the modality of another verb, which they govern. This verb generally appears as a bare infinitive, although in some definitions, a modal verb can also govern the to-infinitive (as in the case of ought).
They have the syntactic properties associated with auxiliary verbs in English, principally that they can undergo subject-auxiliary inversion (in questions, for example) and can be negated by the appending of not after the verb.
However, they used to be conjugated by person and number, but with the preterite endings. Thus, they often have deviating second-person singular forms, which still may be heard in quotes from the Bible (as in thou shalt not steal) or in poetry.
The following verbs have all of the above properties, and can be classed as the principal modal verbs of English. They are listed here in present–preterite pairs where applicable:
Multimedia hardware.
2 Multimedia Hardware Categories of Peripheral Equipments:
Platforms and Processors – aspects of personal computer that affect the development and delivery of multimedia applications.
Input Devices – there are a wide variety of ways of interacting with multimedia applications.
Multimedia Storage – the high storage demands of multimedia materials require careful estimation and consideration of storage media.
Multimedia Connections – speed of presentation will depend on the appropriate connection between devices.
Platforms and Processors
The multimedia platform – the equipment on which multimedia is developed or played – needs a very comprehensive description because it covers not only the processor and operating system but also screen resolution, bit depth and sound, amount of memory and the size of the hard disk storage.
It is important to distinguished between development and delivery platforms. Although these can be the same it is quite common for the multimedia application to the developed on one platform (which may have a better performance and features to support the development) and delivered on lower specification machine at a correspondingly lower cost
Platforms and Processors
Transferring multimedia assets from one platform to another must be done with care as there can be small but significant differences between how the media elements are dealt with (e.g. slightly different sampling rates for sound).
Platforms OptionsIdeally every multimedia application would run on every platform, but just as in other computer applications this is often not possible.(There are some authoring systems which will generate software for more than one platform).It is of course, possible for one computer platform to emulate another and this will be effective where the ‘host’ platform is based on a fast and powerful processor.A further development of this is the ‘virtual machine’ where a software layer separates the application from the actual machine operating system and the interface between the application and the virtual machine is standard whatever the underlying operating system.
This approach works best where there is a fairly low level of interactivity as the application software is likely to run more slowly in this arrangement. There may also be problems in the speed of video clips, or number of colors, if the application is not running at optimal performance.UNIX systems have rarely been used for multimedia applications although there may be some potential with on-line systems particularly where UNIX machines run as servers for networks.
E-mail
Email marketing is not just about the perfect subject line and personalized emoji. The layout also has a huge impact on conversions inside your email funnels. In this article, we’ll look at 11+ email layout examples to improve your funnel’s performance according to what you want to accomplish.
In a general sense, all-text email layouts are for audiences that enjoy reading and don’t much care for fluff. Also, a text-only email will greatly depend on the content inside it. If the subject line convinced the reader to open the email in the first place, the entire message must continue in the same convincing manner. The best all-text emails, like Ann Handley’s newsletter, are usually read all the way to the end.
 
For all-text emails to be impactful they need to be well formatted using headers, bolded text, interesting sentence placement, among other visual techniques. All-text doesn’t mean plain text. If you use an email provider like Mailchump or Mailerlite, your all-text email will have the same narrow, vertically centered style as their visual templates. ConvertKit, on the other hand, envisions email marketing differently. They don’t offer visual templates and the emails you send with their service look like regular emails with the left margin all the way to the left.
 
Visual email layouts are on the other side of the spectrum. There are many types of visual email layouts; one column, two columns, or a combination of the two. Selecting the best one for your email funnel or newsletter greatly depends on what you want to achieve. Some email providers offer pre-made templates and others have a drag and drop approach or a combination of both.
 If you’re looking for inspiration to create visual and attractive emails, you can also check some out on Pinterest. Simply input “email layout examples” in the search bar and browse away!
Another difference worth mentioning when it comes to email layouts is the one between premade layouts and custom HTML layouts. The first is most obviously the easiest to use and can get you on the right track quite fast. Creating an email funnel with premade layouts or layout blocks can save lots of time. Premade layouts are available inside most email providers. Sometimes in a minimal style without a theme and in other cases, fully designed with images and fonts.
 On the other hand, marketing teams can also create custom HTML emails in any way they want. These are perfect for companies that want to keep all their visual assets fully branded and match the website and landing pages.


Peripherals
A peripheral device, or simply peripheral, is an auxiliary hardware device used to transfer information into and out of a computer.[1] The term peripheral device refers to all hardware components that are attached to a computer and are controlled by the computer system, but they are not the core components of the computer.
Several categories of peripheral devices may be identified, based on their relationship with the computer:
An input device sends data or instructions to the computer, such as a mouse, keyboard, graphics tablet, image scanner, barcode reader, game controller, light pen, light gun, microphone and webcam;
An output device provides output data from the computer, such as a computer monitor, projector, printer, headphones, and computer speakers;
An input/output device performs both input and output functions, such as a computer data storage device (including a disk drive, solid-state drive, USB flash drive, memory card and tape drive), modem, network adapter and multi-function printer.
Many modern electronic devices, such as Internet-enabled digital watches, video game consoles, smartphone, and tablet computers, have interfaces for use as computer peripheral devices.
Your peripheral vision is the outer area of your field of vision, where you can still detect movement and shapes. It can be very valuable when, for instance, you're driving into Chicago at rush hour, especially when switching lanes. When people call an issue in a discussion peripheral, they mean that it's not of primary importance, and they're probably suggesting that everyone get back to the main topic. Peripheral is now also a noun: computer peripherals are the added components—printers, webcams, microphones, etc.—that increase a computer's capacities.
Popular Input Peripherals
The most important input device for your computer is the keyboard, but all computer keyboards aren't equal. With more people using computers for both work and personal use, excessive typing can lead to health problems. The creation of ergonomic computer keyboards has helped alleviate muscle and joint pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and other maladies that frequently affect users. Ergonomic keyboards come in one- or two-piece designs, allowing users the flexibility to find the most comfortable position.
The computer mouse and touchpad control the cursor. A computer stylus mouse is held like a pencil, and it comes with a specialized pad. Computer mice are available in wired or wireless connections, and are offered in ergonomic designs.

Popular Output Peripherals

Computer monitors are essential to view your computer activity. Printers are not essential, but useful if you want the convenience of printing materials from your home or office. Other popular outputs include computer speakers, gaming computer headsets, headphones, and VR headsets to enhance your music and gaming experiences.
The acronym KVM stands for keyboard, video monitor, and mouse, and the input/output device it refers to allows you to share two computers with one keyboard, video monitor, and mouse by connecting them and their peripherals into a console that permits you to switch from one computer to the other as needed.
Whether you need to replace or upgrade one or more of your computer peripheral devices, you're interested in combining two computers with a KVM console, or you need to replace some input/output accessories, B&H Photo and Video has an assortment of quality products for your accessory needs.

Videoconferencing.

According to West, Donald (august 2003) “Videoconferencing Whit Paper” Videoconferencing is two way video and sound between two or more locations using video, audio and high speed digital communication connections.
The development of videoconferencing started way back in 1956 with AT&T building the first picture phone test system, and it gradually evolved and in 1991 the first video/audio conference was held (HREF1). By…show more content…
They quickly adopted this for use in distance learning, using one monitor to show the instructor and another to display learning material. The use of high quality video conferencing allows for wider contact and rapid response to for example customer requirements, lectures, potentially training or facilitation sessions. Basically the use of live, television quality video conferencing offers many new possibilities for communication between parties who are geographically dispersed. As I have just touched upon a few areas, video conferencing can also be used as a tool for management, consultation, staff development and social interaction.

So what are the advantages with video conferencing! Well in these times with the pressing need to get more done in less time, video conferencing offers the benefit of face-to face meetings arranged on short notice and at reasonably low cost, compared to travel time and costs involved in a typical business trip. Video conferencing do not only reduce travel expenses and free up travel time for more productive purpose, but it also relive would be travelers of stress. It can also provide greater access for subject matter experts to large and disperse audience. Cost of staff and material for training can also be reduced. With the exception of for satellite based video conferencing, video conferencing is not affected by bad weather as travel tends to be.

Video conferencing is live, visual connection between two or more remote parties over the internet that simulates a face-to-face meeting. Video conferencing is important because it joins people who would not normally be able to form a face-to-face connection.
At its simplest, video conferencing provides transmission of static images and text between two locations. At its most sophisticated, it provides transmission of full-motion video images and high-quality audio between multiple locations.
In the business world, desktop video conferencing is a core component of unified communications platforms that also include calling and messaging capabilities. Standalone on-premises and cloud-based video conferencing platforms are also available from numerous vendors who support desktop- and room-based video, as well as the ability to embed video conferencing into business applications, such as Telehealth, customer service and distance learning.
The widespread availability of cloud-based services enables organizations to implement video conferencing with minimal upfront investment and to take advantage of rapidly emerging AI-powered features to improve audio and video performance.

Conditionals.

Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of "if".
The zero conditional
The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.
Zero conditional sentences express general truths—situations in which one thing always causes another. When you use a zero conditional, you’re talking about a general truth rather than a specific instance of something. Consider the following examples
The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.
The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.
The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing into the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional.
Conditional sentences are statements discussing known factors or hypothetical situations and their consequences. We use them to communicate that something is true or happens only if something else is true or happens—that is, only under a certain condition. Complete conditional sentences contain a conditional clause (often referred to as the if-clause) and the consequence. Consider the following sentences.

Basic terms in IT.

IT Terms Glossary
access point:
A device that allows wireless-equipped computers and other devices to communicate with a wired network.
accessibility:
As specified in Section 508 of the 1998 Rehabilitation Act, the process of designing and developing Web sites and other technology that can be navigated and understood by all people, including those with visual, hearing, motor, or cognitive impairments. This type of design also can benefit people with older/slower software and hardware.
ActiveX:
A technology from Microsoft that links desktop applications to the World Wide Web. Using ActiveX tools, interactive web content can be created. Example: In addition to viewing Word and Excel documents from within a browser, additional functionality such as animation, credit card transactions, or spreadsheet calculations.
address:
Identifies the location of an Internet resource. Examples: an e-mail address (sales[@]dataprise.com); a web address (https://www.dataprise.com); or an internet address (192.168.100.1).
alias:
A short, easy to remember name created for use in place of a longer, more complicated name; commonly used in e-mail applications. Also referred to as a "nickname".
anonymous FTP:
Archive sites where Internet users can log in and download files and programs without a special username or password. Typically, you enter anonymous as a username and your e-mail address as a password.
Anti-Spam
To prevent e-mail spam, both end users and administrators of e-mail systems use various anti-spam techniques. Some of these techniques have been embedded in products, services and software to ease the burden on users and administrators. No one technique is a complete solution to the spam problem, and each has trade-offs between incorrectly rejecting legitimate e-mail vs. not rejecting all spam, and the associated costs in time and effort. Dataprise Cloud-Based Anti-SPAM e-mail service eliminates the problem almost entirely. Our state-of-the-art solution lets users see only the e-mail they want — and filters out all of the viruses and e-solicitations they don’t want before they reach user’s computers and mobile devices. To learn more click here.
applet:
A program capable of running on any computer regardless of the operating system. Many applets can be downloaded from various sites on the Internet.
application:
A program designed for a specific purpose, such as word processing or graphic design.
ASCII file:
A file that can be opened and read by standard text editor programs (for example, Notepad or Simple Text) on almost any type of computer. Also referred to as "plain text files". Examples: documents saved in ASCII format within word processors like Microsoft Word or WordPerfect; e-mail messages created by a program like Outlook; or HTML files.
AT command set:
An industry standard set of commands beginning with the letters "AT" that are used to control a modem. Example: ATDT tells the modem to dial (D) using touch-tone dialing (T). ATDP specifies pulse dialing (P). Also referred to as the "Hayes Command Set".
attachment:
In this context, a file that is sent along with an e-mail message. ASCII (plain text) files may be appended to the message text, but other types of files are encoded and sent separately (common formats that can be selected include MIME, BinHex, and Uuencode).
authentication:
The process of identifying yourself and the verification that you're who you say you are. Computers where restricted information is stored may require you to enter your username and password to gain access.

Internet security.

What are the most common internet security threats?
To ensure privacy and security on the internet, it’s important to be aware of different types of internet attacks. Common internet security threats include:
Phishing
Phishing is a cyber-attack involving disguised emails. Hackers try to trick email recipients into believing that a message is genuine and relevant – a request from their bank or a note from a co-worker, for example – so that they click on a link or open an attachment. The goal is to deceive people into handing over their personal information or downloading malware.
Phishing is one of the oldest internet security threats, dating back to the 1990s. It has remained popular to this day since it is one of the cheapest and easiest ways for criminals to steal information. In recent years, phishing techniques and messages have become increasingly sophisticated.
Hacking and remote access
Hackers are always looking to exploit a private network or system's vulnerabilities so they can steal confidential information and data. Remote access technology gives them another target to exploit. Remote access software allows users to access and control a computer remotely – and since the pandemic, with more people working remotely, its usage has increased.
The protocol which allows users to control a computer connected to the internet remotely is called Remote Desktop Protocol, or RDP. Because businesses of all sizes so widely use RDP, the chances of an improperly secured network are relatively high. Hackers use different techniques to exploit RDP vulnerabilities until they have full access to a network and its devices. They may carry out data theft themselves or else sell the credentials on the dark web.
Malware and malvertising
Malware is a portmanteau of "malicious" and "software". It's a broad term related to viruses, worms, trojans, and other harmful programs that hackers use to cause havoc and steal sensitive information. Any software intended to damage a computer, server, or network can be described as malware.
Malvertising is a portmanteau of “malicious” and “advertising”. The term refers to online advertising, which distributes malware. Online advertising is a complex ecosystem involving publisher websites, ad exchanges, ad servers, retargeting networks, and content delivery networks. Malvertisers exploit this complexity to place malicious code in places that publishers and ad networks don’t always detect. Internet users who interact with a malicious ad could download malware onto their device or be redirected to malicious websites.
Ransomware
Ransomware is a type of malware that prevents you from using your computer or accessing specific files on your computer unless a ransom is paid. It is often distributed as a trojan – that is, malware disguised as legitimate software. Once installed, it locks your system’s screen or certain files until you pay.
Because of their perceived anonymity, ransomware operators typically specify payment in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. Ransom prices vary depending on the ransomware variant and the price or exchange rate of digital currencies. It isn’t always the case that if you pay, the criminals will release the encrypted files.
Ransomware attacks are on the rise, and new ransomware variants continue to emerge. Some of the most talked-about ransomware variants include Maze, Conti, GoldenEye, Bad Rabbit, Jigsaw, Locky, and WannaCry.

Relative clauses.

A relative clause is a clause that modifies a noun or noun phrase[1] and uses some grammatical device to indicate that one of the arguments in the relative clause refers to the noun or noun phrase. For example, in the sentence I met a man who wasn't too sure of himself, the subordinate clause who wasn't too sure of himself is a relative clause since it modifies the noun man and uses the pronoun who to indicate that the same "man" is referred to in the subordinate clause (in this case as its subject).
In many European languages, relative clauses are introduced by a special class of pronouns called relative pronouns,[2] such as who in the example just given. In other languages, relative clauses may be marked in different ways: they may be introduced by a special class of conjunctions called relativizers, the main verb of the relative clause may appear in a special morphological variant, or a relative clause may be indicated by word order alone.[3] In some languages, more than one of these mechanisms may be possible.
A bound relative clause, the type most often considered, qualifies an explicit element (usually a noun or noun phrase) appearing in the main clause, and refers back to that element by means of some explicit or implicit device within the relative clause.

The relative clause may also function as an embedded clause within a main (or higher-level) clause, thereby forming a matrix sentence.[4] The noun in the main clause that the relative clause modifies is called the head noun, or (particularly when referred back to by a relative pronoun) the antecedent.

For example, in the English sentence "The person whom I saw yesterday went home", the relative clause "whom I saw yesterday" modifies the head noun person, and the relative pronoun whom refers back to the referent of that noun. The sentence is equivalent to the following two sentences: "I saw a person yesterday. The person went home." The shared argument need not fulfill the same role in both clauses; in this example the same person is referred to by the subject of the matrix clause, but the direct object of the relative clause.
A free relative clause (or fused relative[5]), on the other hand, does not have an explicit antecedent external to itself. Instead, the relative clause itself takes the place of an argument in the matrix clause. For example, in the English sentence "I like what I see", the clause what I see is a free relative clause, because it has no antecedent, but itself serves as the object of the verb like in the main clause. Alternatively, one could argue that the free relative clause has a zero as its antecedent. (See also English relative clauses § Fused relative constructions).
Bound relative clauses may or may not be restrictive. A restrictive relative clause is a relative clause that functions as a restrictive modifier. A non-restrictive relative clause is a relative clause that is not a restrictive relative clause.
Making requests.
Always talking about what you "need" can make you sound bossy and offensive because it shows that you think your needs are more important than other people's. Use questions like "Could you please…?" and "Would you be able to…?" to sound more considerate and polite.
Avoid assumption
Even if you have an understanding boss, it's best not to make assumptions about being allowed to do certain things. If you want to leave early, it's much better to say "Would it be OK if I slipped out a bit early today?" than "I'm going to leave a bit early today". Think of the consequences of your request and what you will do to make up for any inconvenience caused. For example, if you need to leave a little early, explain when you will make up for the work you've missed.

Steer clear of accusations

If your manager seems to have forgotten about your request, don't accuse him or her of not doing the work by saying, "Where are those figures I asked for?" For a simple yet effective reminder, just say, for example, "I was wondering if you've had the chance to calculate those figures." It's a non-threatening way to remind your boss of something he or she promised to do.
Try a second time
If your manager has denied a request, it can be easy to just give up. Instead, check what the problems are with your request, explain clearly how you will solve them and then ask your manager to reconsider your request.
Remember, whenever you are making a request, considering how the other person will feel about it is a great way to guess how they will react. Think about the impact your request will have on the other person and bear in mind the tips above and you will be in a strong position to have your request granted.