Microsoft Word master thesis report fina doc

Technology and Best Available Retrofit Control Technology for Industrial, Institutional, 
and Commercial Boilers, Steam Generators, and Process Heaters. United States, 1991. 
8. 
RTI Health, Social, and Economics Research. Economic Analysis of Air Pollution 
Regulations: Boilers and Process Heaters. United States, Research Triangle Park, 2002.
9. 
MARTINO G. Réformage catalytique, in Le raffinage du pétrole, tome 3, Procédés de 
transformation, Leprince, P. (ed.), Éditions Technip, 1998, p. 105-173.
10. TRAVERS C. Isomérisation des paraffines légères, in Le raffinage du pétrole, tome 3, 
Procédés de transformation, Leprince, P. (ed.), Éditions Technip, 1998, p. 237-264.
11. HENRICH G., KASZTELAN S. Hydrotraitements, in Le raffinage du pétrole, tome 3, 
Procédés de transformation, Leprince, P. (ed.), Éditions Technip, 1998, p. 549-590.
12. DECOOPMAN F. Traitement des eaux, in Le raffinage du pétrole, tome 3, Procédés de 
transformation, Leprince, P. (ed.), Éditions Technip, 1998, p. 657-684.
13. EC/R Incorporated Timberlyne Center. Stationary Source Control Techniques 
Document for Fine Particulate Matter. North Carolina, United States, 1998.
14. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Profile of Petroleum Refining Industry. 
Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance, United States, 1995. 
15. World Bank Group. Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Petroleum 
Refining, 2007. 

---

57
16. United Nations Environment Programme. Standardized Toolkit for Identification and 
Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases, 2001. 
17. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). An Inventory of Sources and 
Environmental Releases of Dioxin-Like Compounds in the United States for the Years 
1987, 1995, and 2000. United States, 2006. 
 
18. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Study of selected petroleum refining 
residuals - Industry study. United States, 1996. 
 
19. XP CEN/TS 1948. Stationary source emissions - Determination of the mass 
concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs. France, 2007. 
20. BEYCHOK M. R. Aqueous wastes from petroleum and petrochemical plants. John 
Wiley and Sons, 1967. 

---

58
Appendix 1: Average Emission Factors 
SOCMI Average Emission Factors 
Equipment type 
Service 
Emission Factor 
(kg/hr/source) 
Valves Gas 
Light liquid 
Heavy liquid 
0.00597 
0.00403 
0.00023 
Pump seals / Agitator seals 
Light liquid 
Heavy liquid 
0.0199 
0.00862 
Compressor seals 
Gas 
0.228 
Pressure relief valves 
Gas 
0.104 
Connectors All 
0.00183 
Open-ended lines 
All 
0.0017 
Sampling connections 
All 
0.0150 
SOCMI factors are used to determine equipment leak emissions from chemical plants or 
chemical processes within refineries.
These factors are for total organic compound emission rates. 
Refinery Average Emission Factors 
Equipment type 
Service 
Emission Factor 
(kg/hr/source) 
Valves Gas 
Light liquid 
Heavy liquid 
0.0268 
0.0109 
0.00023 
Pump seals / Agitator seals 
Light liquid 
Heavy liquid 
0.114 
0.021 
Compressor seals 
Gas 
0.636 
Pressure relief valves 
Gas 
0.16 
Connectors All 
0.00025 
Open-ended lines 
All 
0.0023 
Sampling connections 
All 
0.0150 

---

59
Refinery factors are used to determine equipment leak fugitive emissions from a refinery 
process. For a chemical process located within a refinery that is not specifically considered a 
refinery process (for example, an MTBE production unit), the SOCMI factors must be used 
rather than the refinery factors. 
These factors are for non-methane organic compound emission rates. 
Oil and Gas Production Operations Average Emission Factors 
Equipment type 
Service 
Emission Factor 
(kg/hr/source) 
Valves Gas 
Heavy oil 
Light oil 
Water / Oil 
4.5 E-03 
8.4 E-06 
2.5 E-03 
9.8 E-05 
Pump seals
Gas 
Heavy oil 
Light oil 
Water / Oil 
2.4 E-03 
Non available 
1.3 E-02 
2.4 E-05 
Others Gas 
Heavy oil 
Light oil 
Water / Oil 
8.8 E-03 
3.2 E-05 
7.5 E-03 
1.4 E-02 
Connectors Gas 
Heavy oil 
Light oil 
Water / Oil 
2.0 E-04 
7.5 E-06 
2.1 E-04 
1.1 E-04 
Flanges Gas 
Heavy oil 
Light oil 
Water / Oil 
3.9 E-04 
3.9 E-07 
1.1 E-04 
2.9 E-06 
Open-ended lines 
Gas 
Heavy oil 
Light oil 
Water / Oil 
2.0 E-03 
1.4 E-04 
1.4 E-03 
2.5 E-04 
These factors are for total organic compound emission rates. 

---

60
Appendix 2: Example calculation of fugitive emissions 
Assuming a process operating gaseous product, calculation of fugitive emissions can be done 
like following. 
Data for example calculation: 
Equipment type / 
service 
Equipment count 
Hours of operation* 
(hr/yr) 
VOC wt. fraction 
Valves / gas 
272 
8760 
1 
Compressors / gas 
3 
8760 
1 
Relief valves 
37 
8760 
1 
Open-ended lines 
489 
8760 
1 
Sampling connections 
24 
8760 
1 
* Hours of operation include all time in which material is contained in the equipment.