Major types of pollutants, sources and effects point and nonpoint sources is the water safe to drink
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WATER POLLUTION WATER POLLUTION: TYPES, EFFECTS, AND SOURCES
WHAT IS WATER POLLUTION?
MAJOR TYPES OF POLLUTANTS, SOURCES AND EFFECTS POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCES
IS THE WATER SAFE TO DRINK? MAJOR CATEGORIES OF WATER POLLUTANTS • •
• • • • • • • • • INF ECTIOUS AGENTS BACTERIA, VIRUSES, PROTOZOA, PARASITIC WORMS SOURCE: HUMAN AND ANIMAL WASTE
OXYGEN-DEMANDING WASTE ORGANIC DEBRIS & WASTE + AEROBIC BACTERIA SOURCE: SEWAGE, FEEDLOTS, PAPER-MILLS, FOOD PROCESSING INORGANIC CHEMICALS ACIDS, METALS, SALTS SOURCES: SURFACE RUNOFF, INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT, HOUSEHOLD CLEANSERS RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS • • • • • • • • • • PLANT NUTRIENTS NITRATES, PHOSPHATES, SOURCE: SEWAGE, MANURE, AGRICULTURAL AND LANDSCAPING RUNOFF
ORGANIC CHEMICALS OIL, GASOLINE, PLASTICS, PESTICIDES, SOLVENTS, DETERGENTS SOURCES: INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT, HOUSEHOLD CLEANSERS, RUNOFF FROM FARMS AND YARDS ERODED SEDIMENT SOIL, SILT HEAT/THERMAL POLLUTION SOURCE: POWER PLANTS, INDUSTRIAL BENEFITS OF FLOODPLAINS HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE WETLANDS PROVIDE NATURAL FLOOD AND EROSION CONTROL
MAINTAIN HIGH WATER QUALITY RECHARGE GROUNDWATER
FERTILE SOILS NEARBY RIVERS FOR USE AND RECREATION
FLATLANDS FOR URBANIZATION AND FARMING DANGERS OF FLOODPLAINS AND FLOODS
DEADLY AND DESTRUCTIVE
HUMAN ACTIVITIES WORSEN FLOODS FAILING DAMS AND WATER DIVERSION
BANGLADESH REDUCING FLOOD RISKS CHANNELIZATION
LEVEES (FLOODWALLS) DAMS
PROTECT AND RESTORE WETLANDS
IDENTIFY AND MANAGE FLOOD-PRONE AREAS PRECAUTIONARY APPROACH GROUNDWATER POLLUTION: CAUSES AND PERSISTENCE • •
• • • SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION
SLOW FLOWING: SLOW DILUTION AND DISPERSION CONSEQUENCES OF LOWER DISSOLVED OXYGEN
FEWER BACTERIA TO DECOMPOSE WASTES COOLER TEMPERATURES: SLOW DOWN CHEMICAL REACTIONS
“DEGRADABLE” AND NONDEGRADABLE WASTES IN GROUNDWATER EXTENT OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTION
NOT MUCH IS KNOWN ABOUT GROUNDWATER POLLUTION
ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS, INCLUDING FUEL LEAKS
ARSENIC PROTECTING GROUNDWATER: PREVENTION IS BEST
OCEAN POLLUTION • • • HOW MUCH POLLUTION CAN OCEANS TOLERATE?
SOME POLLUTANTS DEGRADE AND DILUTE IN OCEANS
OCEAN DUMPING CONTROVERSIES EFFECTS OF OIL ON OCEAN LIFE Prevention Cleanup
Ban dumping of wastes and sewage by maritime and cruise ships in coastal waters Reduce input of toxic pollutants Separate sewage and storm lines Regulate coastal development Recycle used oil Require double hulls for oil tankers Require at least secondary treatment of coastal sewage Use wetlands, solar-aquatic, or other methods to treat sewage Sprinkle nanoparticles over an oil or sewage spill to dissolve the oil or sewage without creating harmful byproducts (still under development) Protect sensitive areas from development, oil drilling, and oil shipping
Ban ocean dumping of sludge and hazardous dredged material Improve oil-spill cleanup capabilities Solutions Coastal Water Pollution PREVENTING AND CLEANING UP POLLUTION IN COASTAL WATERS PREVENTING NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION • •
• • • • MOSTLY AGRICULTURAL WASTES
USE VEGETATION TO REDUCE SOIL EROSION REDUCE FERTILIZER USE
USE PLANT BUFFER ZONES AROUND FIELDS INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT: ONLY USE PESTICIDES WHEN NECESSARY
USE PLANT BUFFERS AROUND ANIMAL FEEDLOTS KEEP FEEDLOTS AWAY FROM SLOPES, SURFACE WATER AND FLOOD ZONES
SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEMS SEWAGE TREATMENT IN RURAL AND SUBURBAN AREAS
SEPTIC TANKS PRIMARY (PHYSICAL) SEWAGE TREATMENT
SECONDARY (BIOLOGICAL) SEWAGE TREATMENT URBAN SEWAGE TREATMENT (CLEAN WATER ACT)
SEWAGE TREATMENT FACILITIES IN MANY CITIES FAIL TO MEET FEDERAL STANDARDS
BLEACHING AND DISINFECTION DISINFECTANTS: CHLORINE, OZONE, AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION IMPROVING SEWAGE TREATMENT • • • • • SYSTEMS THAT EXCLUDE HAZARDOUS WASTES
NON-HAZARDOUS SUBSTITUTES COMPOSTING TOILET SYSTEMS
WORKING WITH NATURE TO TREAT SEWAGE USING WETLANDS TO TREAT SEWAGE
Solutions Water Pollution • •
• • • • • • • Prevent groundwater contamination Greatly reduce nonpoint runoff Reuse treated wastewater for irrigation Find substitutes for toxic pollutants Work with nature to treat sewage Practice four R's of resource use (refuse, reduce, recycle, reuse) Reduce resource waste Reduce air pollution Reduce poverty Reduce birth rates What Can You Do? Water Pollution • •
• • • • • Fertilize your garden and yard plants with manure or compost instead of commercial inorganic fertilizer. Minimize your use of pesticides. Never apply fertilizer or pesticides near a body of water. Grow or buy organic foods. Compost your food wastes. Do not use water fresheners in toilets. Do not flush unwanted medicines down the toilet. Do not pour pesticides, paints, solvents, oil, antifreeze, or other products containing harmful chemicals down the drain or onto the ground. Yüklə 320,41 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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