Jumaeva nasiba komil qizi lexical and semantic characteristics of hyponomic relations in words in english and

СHAPTER 3. LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF 
HYPONYMIC RELATIONS IN WORDS IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH 
LANGUAGES. 
 
3.1. Lexical and semantic features of hyponymic relations in the words of 
Uzbek and English languages. 
 
The conducting research is developed around lexical semantic relations. 
Lexical semantic relations theory considers that the actual value of a word can only 
be ascertained by its relatedness with other items in a paradigm. The central claim 
and goal of this theory is that the lexical item with its meaning in a language 
cannot be acquired in isolation rather, in looking at various relationships such word 
has with other words in that language
. 
Moreover, according to linguist Asher, 
lexical semantic relations theory explains “those approaches that reject the view 
that the vocabulary of a language is an unordered set of items that belong together 
on the basis of their meaning…”
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. With the reference to Chimaobi Onwukwe 
added linguists opinions such as “Agbedo claims that the value of a word is 
acquired by virtue of its relatedness with other items in the unit. A lexical semantic 
relation is in contrast with earlier theoretical accounts of meaning of words such as 
container theory. The theory therefore accounts for meaning of lexical items in 
language in terms of relationships which group words into semantic set or are said 
to belong to a semantic field.”
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One of the concepts that determine the criteria for 
classifying lexical items under a lexical semantic field is selectional restriction
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. 
Some linguists try to refer their own ideas to this restriction as collocation. For 
example, the foreign linguist N.Wehemeier quoted in M.Nweze observes that 
collocation is particular lexical item tend to belong together or occur. Also Firth 
sees this process of belonging together as company keeping of words. He claimed 
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Asher RE. Encyclopedia of language and linguistics. London: Pergamon Press. 1994. -Pp.45
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Chimaobi Onwukwe. Hyponymous relationship of verbs of cooking in Igbo. International Research Journal of 
Arts and social Science Vol. 4(3) -Pp. 61-69, March, 2015 DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.14303/irjass.2015.014
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Chimaobi Onwukwe. Hyponymous relationship of verbs of cooking in Igbo. International Research Journal of 
Arts and social Science Vol. 4(3) -Pp. 61-69, March, 2015 DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.14303/irjass.2015.014

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that a word is identified by the company it keeps which contributes part of its 
meaning. For instance, the word ‘blunt’ co-occurs with ‘blade’, ‘roaring’ co-occurs 
with lion (animal). The system of keeping company is conceived by linguists as 
co-occurrence restrictions. The constraints placed on lexical relations are discussed 
by many schools using different terms. Asher uses “essential meaning relations.” 
Firth uses “collocation and company keeping.”
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We know that the language is 
rich of many kind of phenomenon which is connected with the language systems 
and its layers such as morphology, syntactic and so on. Also we try to learn and 
take in more knowledge about hyponyms and its features such as semantic and 
lexical particular sides. If we reveal some information about hyponym, it is the 
phenomenon of hyponymy is the relationship between a hyperonym and its 
specific hyponym. Additionally, a hyponym is a more specific word or phrase than 
a hyperonym in semantic field in some literatures. 
 
In addition to this, the parts of the speech can be considered one of the 
important desparetable part of the any languages. For instance, verbs are the 
extremely vital lexical and syntactic level of the language and we come across that 
almost all sentences demand one verb or prdicate in most languages. Furthermore, 
the American linguistic scholars B. Chafe and C. Fillmore explain like that “ Verbs 
possess the center of phrase or sentences and they establish the foundation of the 
sentence.”
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The verbs forms the realzion and semantic basis of the sentence. The 
predicate argument structure of the verbs express the syntactical relation of the 
sentence. This syntactic and semantic data is the one part lexical category of the 
verb and is considered the partly given information about the verb in the 
communicator’s mental lexicon. The observations shows that there is the 
complexity in the study of these data of the verb in the features of the lexical 
categorization. 
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Chimaobi Onwukwe. Hyponymous relationship of verbs of cooking in Igbo. International Research Journal of 
Arts and social Science Vol. 4(3). Pp. 61-69, March, 2015 DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.14303/irjass.2015.014
57
Chafe W. Meaning and the Structure of Language. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 1970. –P. 150
Fillmore C. J. 'The case for case.' In Bach, E., & Harms, R. (eds.), Universal in Linguistic Theory. New York: Holt, 
Reinhart, and Winston. 1968. –P. 150

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As a clear that the phenomenon of hyponymy has been more researched in 
the category of the noun. If one type of X is Y which expressed a hyponymic 
relation in the noun of the speech, we cannot use this structure in the verb. This 
formula only can be used in noun category, for example, the concept of the lexical 
unit, “talk” is considered the meaningful component of “conversation”. Even this 
formula is used in the gerund form which is in the impersonal form of the verb, a 
significant difference can be observed in the noun and the verb. 
 
Additionally, sentences such as “a cat is an animal” and “fork and knifes are 
kitchen utensil” are observed in speech however, sentences such as “ murmuring is 
a type of the conversation” may not be used. The semantic difference in terms 
hyponymically between the two verbs differs from the distinguishable features in 
the two noun phrases. Moreover, according to Uzbek linguist J.Sh. Djumabayeva’s 
opinion, “Hyponymy can be determined not in related objects, abstract nouns or 
concrete nouns, but also in lexical units which belong to other part of the speeches. 
For example, it was researched that there are several hyponyms of the verb“ to 
cook”. For instance, to cook –to boil, smoke, stew, fry, bake (bread, pastries) and 
so on.
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The studying of the hyponomic verbs and superordinate word puts in an 
clear apperance that lexicalization of word attract many semantic calrifications in 
different semantic fields. For example, linguist L.Telmi studied the action verbs 
“slides” and “pull” in English and “classified according to their manera (manner) 
and results (cause) as a combination of action and semantic componenets.”
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Also, 
for this situation Uzbek linguist N.K.Sabirova gave her examples such as the word