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Figure 1.4. Hardness test scheme.
The hardness of metals is determined in different ways. The more commonly
investigated methods are defined by dipping a steel ball, diamond cone, or diamond
pyramid into the sample. The larger the mark left by the ball on the sample, the softer
the metal and vice versa.
The following methods of determining hardness are widely used.
1. Immersion of a solid steel ball. (Determination of hardness according to
Brinell) (Fig. 1.4).
2. Immersion of the tip of the diamond cone (determination of hardness
according to Rockwell).
3. Immersion of the end of the diamond pyramid (determining hardness
according to Vickers).
When determined by the hardness test method, the part is checked without
breaking. Depending on the thickness and hardness of the part, balls of different
diameters are obtained. Example: a ball with a diameter of 10 mm is taken when the
load is 30000 N. A ball with a diameter of 5 mm is obtained at a load of 7500 N and a
ball with a diameter of 2.5 mm is obtained at a load of 1870 N.
The depth of the mark formed after dipping the ball should be at least 10 times
less than the thickness of the metal. The distance from the center of the trace to the
edge of the metal surface should be greater than the diameter of the ball.
The hardness value is denoted by N, and the index of the determination method
is called q ' .
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