Dilgam ismailov
part of Georgia, Western Iran and Irak were added to the
Yüklə 1,5 Mb. Pdf görüntüsü
|
|
part of Georgia, Western Iran and Irak were added to the territory of the state. Tabriz was the capital of the state. Kara Yusif declared his son Pirbudaghi as a sultan in 1411. Although Kara Yusif (1410-1420) couldn’t establish central powerful administration, he could be able to weaken struggle between feudals and made aristocrats obey to government. There was growth in agriculuture during that period. Shrivanshah Ibrahim’s two month “Tabriz dominion”, sending Kayumars for help to Sultan Ahmad, caused conflict with Kara Yusif. Kara Yusif came to Karabakh and ordered Ibrahim I to obey. But Ibrahim I rejected. He relied on Shaki ruler Ahmad and Kakhetia tsar Constantin II. In spite of, most part of Azerbaijani people defensed Ibrahim I, Kara Yusif could be able to make artistocrats in the south areas of Azerbaijan stay in his side, by giving them heritable soyurgal lands, money and gifts. Soyurgal (Mongolian)- means a gift, concession, present. Land property given to migrated and military aristocrats in Karakoyunlu and Akkoyunlu states. At the end of 1412 the battle took place on the bank of the Kur. Karabakh, Mughan, Nakhchevan’s armed groups were fighting in Kara Yusif side. Ibrahim I and his ally lost this battle. Shirvanshah Ibrahim I and Kakhetia tsar were taken a prisoner. By obeying to Kara Yusif Shirvanshah got the right ruling Shirvan and came back to Shirvan in 1413. Kara Yusif troops left Shirvan. Shirvanshah Ibrahim I died in 1417 and his effort for uniting Azerbaijan remained incomplete. Shirvanshah 119 Khalilullah I (1417-1462) didn’t approve Kara Yusif’s dominion. He became union against Karakoyunlu with Timur’s son Sultan Shahrukh (1405-1447). In order to revenge his brother Miranhsah’s death, Sultan Shahrukh made unsuccessful attacks to Azerbaijan in 1418 and 1420 years. After Kara Yusif death (1420), on 1 august 1421 Kara Yusif’s sons Iskander and Isfandiyar lost the battle with Shahrukh in Alashkerd valley. Shahrukh’s policy in Azerbaijan and Caucasus was differ from his father’s. He didn’t have a mind to add these states to his area. After the victory Shahrukh went to Herat in autumn of 1421. After Shahrukh left Azerbaijan, Iskander (1420-1436) united scattered Karakoyunlu forces again. Shirvan and Shaki remained independent. For that reason Iskander attacked to Shirvan in 1427. But assault of Shahrukh to Azerbaijan, obliged him recede. Iskander’s new attack commenced to Shirvan in 1434. Khalilullah I appealed to Shahrukh for help. In summer of 1435 near the Tabriz united forces defeated Karakoyunlu troops. In spring of 1436 Jahanshah (1436-1467) was declared king of Karakoyunlu state as a vassal of Timurids. After the death of Shahrukh in 1447, relying on local people and merchants Jahanshah was struggling against amirs those didn’t want to obey the central adminstration. In Jaunary of 1459, Jahanshah signed peace treaty with Abu Said in Herat and got contribution, then returned to Azerbaijan (Herat treaty-1459). Thereby, active internal and external policy of Jahanshah, polished off interference and inside wars. But, his efforts for strenghthening central administration was unsuccessful. Difficult life conditions of 120 people, feudal conflicts, disobeying to the central administration established the weakening of Karakoyunlu state and caused good conditions for the victory of Aqkoyunlu Uzun Hasan over Karakoyunlu. At the XIV century in the west side of Karakoyunlu state, there lived Aqkoyunlu people. Aqkoyunluds are from oghuz tribes. They spreaded in the South Caucasus, especially in the area between Caucasus mountains and Araz river, also surroundings of Goycha lake, south regions of Azerbaijan, Eastern Anatolia, Western Iran, Tigris and Euphrates valleys. Pahlavan bey from Bayandur tribe was the leader of Aqkoyunlu tribal political union (1370-1388). At the end of the XIV century and at the beginning of the XV century Agkoyunlu Kara Yuluk Osman bey founded Aqkoyunlu supremacy in Diyarbakir. He selected Diyarbakir as a centre of Aqkoyunlu tribal federation, established currency of his name, suppressed feudal revolts. On 11 november 1467 Uzun Hasan (1453-1478) defeated Karakoyunlu troops and killed Jahanshah at the battle of Mush. The areas till Baghdad captured by Aqkoyunlu. Amirs of Karakoyunlu released Jahanshah’s son Hasanali and enthroned him (1467-1468). In 1468 Uzun Hasan invaded south of Azerbaijan and Karabakh without any resistance. Karakoyunlu state collapsed and Agkoyunlu replaced it. Tabriz was the capital of new state. In order to save Karakoyunlu state power in Azerbaijan, Timurid lord Abu Said prepared struggle against Agkoyunlu. Uzun Hasan sent representatives to Abu Said under the leadership of his mother Sara khatun. Abu Said didn’t changed his mind. In autumn of 1468, Abu Said 121 entered to the south regions of Azerbaijan and settled down in Karabakh plain, in Mughan, Ghizilaghach and on the bank of the Caspian sea. Uzun Hasan established alliance with Shirvanshah Farrukh Yasar (1462-1500) and Ardabil ruler Shaikh Haydar from Safavid dynasty. Fellows put Abu Said under economical blockade. Abu Said offered peace. But Uzun Hasan rejected and in 1468 Aqkoyunlu troops defeated Timurids at the battle of Abbasabad. In order to get people sympathy Uzun Hasan materialized some acts, he created “Kanunnameh” to put tax issues in order. At the result of tax reform, amount of taxes decreased. Uzun Hasan formed regular army, attempt to manufacturing firearms, prevent resistance of feudals. But he couldn’t establish stable central state. Aqkoyunlu state was the first in Azerbaijan which had extensive contact with European countries. The initial goal of Uzun Hasan was putting in order Azerbaijan international trading relations and silk trade. On the other hand, he was eager about getting modern weapons for his army, inviting artillery experts from Europoean countries in order to improve gunnery profession. Relations with Ottoman turkish empire was the main direction of his foreign policy. Ottoman sultan Fateh Mehmet II was worrying about establishment of powerful Agkoyunlu state. Sultan Mehmet II wished about transform Ottoman empire to the state that mediates in Europe-Eastern trade section. Ottoman sultan was making efforts for invading Azerbaijan. Trapezund problem caused to tension in Aqkoyunlu-Ottoman relations. 122 Aqkoyunlu established friendship relations with Trabzon greek empire (1204-1461). Uzun Hasan was married with Feodora-Daspina khatun the daughter of Trapezund empire. Trapezund had great trading importance for Agkoyunlu. The city was the convenient exit to the Black sea of Aqkoyunlu merchants. Mehmet II started the war against Aqkoyunlu state by attacking Trapezund in 1461. In this case, Uzun Hasan should defend Trapezund. The first battle between Agkoyunlu and osmanli forces took place in the area called Koyluhisar in 1461. In spite of Agkoyunlu forces made severe attacks to ottoman empire, Uzun Hasan decided to made peace. He sent his mother Sara khatun to the sultan’s campsite - Bolgar mountain. While sen- ding Sara khatun to the Mehmet II campsite, Uzun Hasan put two difficult tasks for her: first, she should dissuade Ottoman sultan from attacking Aqkoyunlu. Because Aqkoyunlu sta- te was not powerful as Ottoman empire. In the other hand, Agkoyunlu state was expecting Karakoyunlu and Timurids attacks from backward. That’s why Uzun Hasan was in compulsory made peace with ottomans. Second, Sara Khatun had to dissuade the sultan from conquering Tra- pezund. Sara khatun was successful in her first duty, but the second duty was unsuccessful, she couldn’t dissuade him. On 15 august 1461 Trapezund was invaded by ottomans. The main trading center that had contacts with Genoa in the Black sea was collapsed. In such circumstances, Sara Khatun made her own demands for the treasury of the Trapezund state, pointing to the rights of her daughter in law Feodora. After dividing Trapezund 123 treasury with sultan, she returned back. Yassychemen contract was signed in 1461. In order to inflict Ottoman empire, Uzun Hasan established dimplomatic relations with European countires. Aqkoyunlu ruler kept in touch with Karaman nobleness, Cyprus kingdom and Rodos feudal state and tried bring them together in unit front against sultan. Aqkoyunlu had close relations with Venice Republic. The silk produced in Azerbaijan provided Venice weaving manufactures. Venice- Ottoman war which started in 1463, made that relation more systematically. Venice government sent several diplomats to Uzun Hasan’s mansion in 1464. Including Caterino Zeno several diplomats came to Tabriz- Aqkoyunlu palace in 1472. Ambassadors of Uzun Hasan went to Venice, Rome, Poland and Germany for conducting negotiations. Ivan III sent his delegate Marko Rosso to Uzun Hasan for broaden trading and diplomatic relations and conduct negotiations about struggling together against Golden Horde khan Ahmad in 1475. But Golden Horde khan sent delegate staff with valuable gifts to Tabriz before him. He got guaranty from Uzun Hasan about security of the south borders of Golden Horde. Military union formed between two states against Ottoman empire in Tabriz in 1472. According to the coalition plan, in spring of 1472 Uzun Hasan attacked to Ottomans. Aqkoyunlu had flawless victory and got way to the coasts of Mediterranean Sea. But Venice ships that would carry weapon and artillery for the army of Uzun Hasan were not there. Venice government left two Turkish states in the battle area. On the other hand, Venice 124 Republic was conducting secretly diplomatic negotiations with Ottoman empire in order to gain trade advantage from them. Aqkoyunlu cavalries were defeated near the Beyshehir in 1472. On 1 august 1473 there was battle between Agkoyunlu and Ottomans in Malatia. Ottoman forces were destroyed. On 11 august 1473 Aqkoyunlu forces couldn’t stand Ottoman infantries that provided with firearms and especially assertive opposed attacks of janissary regiments in the battle of Otlukbeli (Tarjan). Ottomans won the battle. Defeat in Otlukbeli destroyed the power of the Aqkoyunlu state and quickened its collapse. In may of 1474 there started revolt of feudals against central power in Shiraz. Uzun Hasan’s son Ughurlu Muhammad was the leader of the revolt. Uzun Hasan defeated the rebel forces of his son in Shiraz. Ughurlu Muhammad escaped to Ottoman empire. Sultan Mehmet II met Ughurlu Muhammad with celebration in Istanbul. He married his daughter Govherkhatun Sultan with him. From this marriage Ughurlu Muhammad had a son named Ahmad. He was called Ghodek (small) Ahmad. Later Gho- dek Ahmad became the ruler of Aqkoyunlu state in 1497. Incessant wars ruined economical basis of the Agkoyun- lu state. Economic crisis, public counteraction of feudals against central power, people displeasure - all of these drew collapsing of Aqkoyunlu state closer. Uzun Hasan campaigned to Georgia during 1474-1477. Tbilisi and Gori were invaded by Aqkoyunlu state. According to Uzun Hasan’s peace treatment with Bagrat VI in 1477, Eastern Georgia including Tbilisi fell under the dominion of Agkoyunlu state. 125 Uzun Hasan’s son Yagub Mirza enthroned after him (1478-1490). Yagub Mirza was keeping friendship relations with Shirvan. He was married with the daughter of Shirvanshah Farrukh Yassar. But he considered Safavids Ardabil rulers danger for himself. For that reason, conflict initiated between Ardabil rulers and Agkoyunlu. At the end of the XV century Aqkoyunlu state was covered with internal conflicts. After sudden death of Yagub Mirza his son Baysungur (1490-1492) came to the throne. At the beginning of may in 1492 there was battle between Baysungur and Rustam Mirza near Barda. Rustam Mirza won the battle. Thereby, at the end of may in 1492, Rustam came to the Agkoyunlu throne in Tabriz. Rustam Mirza won the sympathy of military-migrating aristocrats by giving them soyurgal - large land areas. Historican of XVI century Hasan bek Rumlu notes that, no one between Karakoyunlu and Agkoyunlu padishahs, gave as much soyurgal as padishah Rustam ( 1492-1497). Baysungur was defeated near the Ahar in 1493, and killed. In the summer of 1496 Godek Ahmad attacked to Azerbaijan. Aqkoyunlu forces were destroyed in the battle near Sultaniyya. The main military forces of Rustam Mirza was defeated near the Nakhchevan at the end of 1496 by Godek Ahmad. In 1497 he entered to Tabriz and came to the Aqkoyunlu throne. In order for emergency, Godek Ahmad gave Kirman district to Abih Sultan the head of Rustam Mirza’s troop. Godek Ahmad materialized several tax reforms in order to prevent economical decrease of the state. Tax and obligations near to 20 that unshown in shariat was canceled (shariat- essential religious and legal 126 rules that every muslim should carry out). Godek ahmad was killed in the battle of Isfahan in 1497. Murad who is enthroned in the city Kum ruled the country in 1497-1498 years. His cousin Alvand Mirza captured Tabriz in 1499. Peace treaty was signed between Murad Mirza and Alvand Mirza in the place named Abhar near Tabriz in 1500. According to Abhar treaty (1500) Kiziluzan river was the borderline. Diyarbakir, south areas from Kur river of Azerbaijan, Karabakh and Armaniyya were taken by Alvand Mirza. Arabic Irak, Persian and Kirman were taken by Murad Mirza. As a reuslt of Abhar treaty Aqkoyunlu state was divided. Military power of Agkoyunlu state became weaken and caused its collapse. 3. Socio-economic and cultural development of Azerbaijan in XV century. In Karakoyunlu state feudals of baharlid tribe and in Aqkoyunlu state feudals of bayandur tribe had leading position in state management. Both rulers of state adopted “padishah” superlative royal title. Only Aqkoyunlu Uzun Hasan adopted sultan title. Thus, he imitated Ottoman and Timurid sultans. Ruler of Shirvan called themselves as “shah”. The head commander of army in Agkoyunlu and Karakoyunlu states adopted title of “Amir ul-umara”. He was the second person after padishah. The third person adopted “movlana-sadr-azam title”. Movlana was the leader of clergy and was engaged in religious issues. The fourth person was vizier. He was engaged in internal, external and fiscal affairs. The head vizier was stamp master and sahibi-divan. The person who had supreme rank in 127 Karakoyunlu and Agkoyunlu states was called “amir-ul- umara”. At that time there was some changes in feudal lands possession. State (divan), dynasty (khass), private heritage (mulk) and vakf - lands belonging to moslim clergymen. According to Uzun Hasan “Kanunnamah” maljahat tax was consisting 1/5 of product. Peasants used to pay bahra tax for using water. Cattle-breeders paid chobanhegi tax. Craftsmen and merchants used to pay tamgha and baj taxes remaining from mongols. Reforms carried by Uzun Hasan provided progress of cities. Venice diplomat A.Kontarini who was in Tabriz in 1474, noted about international trading relations of Azerbaijan. Coming to Shamakhi in 1475, A.Kontarini commented that “ Silk is manufacturing in this city”. In spring of 1484 there was peasant revolts with the leadership of Karakoyunlu Topal Ahmad in Sofi willage which situated in the south-east of Maku city. Becoming aware of it, Akgoyunlu Yagub padshah sent his military forces to Maku, for suppress revolt. The battle took place in april 1484 near the Garabulag village. Insurgents were defeated. Topal Ahmad was killed. Abdulgadir Maraghai was prominent musician in the XV century. Azerbaijan artists Amir Dovlatyar, his student Abdul Musavir and others were very popular. One of the buildings of Shirvanshah palace complex which built in Baku in the XV century is divankhana. Judicial processes and meetings of aristocrats took place there. “The Blue Mosque” (Azerbaijani: Goy masjid) in Tabriz constructed in 1465 upon the order of Jahan Shah the ruler of 128 Karakoyunlu. “Hasht-behesht” giant palace complex in Tabriz was constructed in 1483 by Yagub padshah the ruler of Agkoyunlu. |