Davlat test markazi state testing centre under the cabinet of ministers

Sentence endings: 
A) have a hard time convincing the businesses to use their service. 
B) may be carried out by the Internet. 
C) may encourage journalism, too. 
D) can draw more advertising. 
E) are so scattered that it is difficult to reach. 
F) depend on the hardcopy versions to survive. 
 
 
 

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Tijoriy maqsadlarda foydalanish (sotish, ko‗paytirish, tarqatish) taqiqlanadi.
15 
PART 3 
Answer the questions 21-30 on the following texts. 
In the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the 
American south-west, the native language is dying. Most of its speakers are 
middle-aged or elderly. Although many students take classes in Navajo, the 
schools are run in English. Street signs, supermarket goods and even their own 
newspaper are all in English. Not surprisingly, linguists doubt that any native 
speakers of Navajo will remain in a hundred years‘ time. Navajo is far from alone. 
Half the world‘s 6,800 languages are likely to vanish within two generations - 
that‘s one language lost every ten days. Never before has the planet‘s linguistic 
diversity shrunk at such a pace.
Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with 
languages spoken by only a few people. Only 250 languages have more than a 
million speakers, and at least 3,000 have fewer than 2,500. It is not necessarily 
these small languages that are about to disappear. Navajo is considered endangered 
despite having 150,000 speakers. What makes a language endangered is not just 
the number of speakers, but how old they are. If it is spoken by children it is 
relatively safe. The critically endangered languages are those that are only spoken 
by the elderly, according to Michael Krauss, director of the Alassk Native 
Language Center, in Fairbanks. 
Why do people reject the language of their parents? It begins with a crisis of 
confidence, when a small community finds itself alongside a larger, wealthier 
society, says Nicholas Ostler, of Britain‘s Foundation for Endangered Languages, 
in Bath. ‗People lose faith in their culture,‘ he says. ‗When the next generation 
reaches their teens, they might not want to be induced into the old traditions.‘ 
The change is not always voluntary. Quite often, governments try to kill off a 
minority language by banning its use in public or discouraging its use in schools, 
all to promote national unity. The former US policy of running Indian reservation 
schools in English, for example, effectively put languages such as Navajo on the 
danger list. But Salikoko Mufwene, who chairs the Linguistics department at the 
University of Chicago, argues that the deadliest weapon is not government policy 
but economic globalisation. ‗Native Americans have not lost pride in their 
language, but they have had to adapt to socio-economic pressures,‘ he says. ‗They 
cannot refuse to speak English if most commercial activity is in English.‘ But are 
languages worth saving? At the very least, there is a loss of data for the study of 
languages and their evolution, which relies on comparisons between languages, 
both living and dead. When an unwritten and unrecorded language disappears, it is 
lost to science. 
Language is also intimately bound up with culture, so it may be difficult to 
preserve one without the other. ‗If a person shifts from Navajo to English, they 
lose something,‘ Mufwene says. ‗Moreover, the loss of diversity may also deprive 
us of different ways of looking at the world,‘ says Pagel. There is mounting 

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Tijoriy maqsadlarda foydalanish (sotish, ko‗paytirish, tarqatish) taqiqlanadi.
16 
evidence that learning a language produces physiological changes in the brain. 
‗Your brain and mine are different from the brain of someone who speaks French, 
for instance,‘ Pagel says, and this could affect our thoughts and perceptions. ‗The 
patterns and connections we make among various concepts may be structured by 
the linguistic habits of our community.‘ 
So despite linguists‘ best efforts, many languages will disappear over the next 
century. But a growing interest in cultural identity may prevent the direst 
predictions from coming true. ‗The key to fostering diversity is for people to learn 
their ancestral tongue, as well as the dominant language,‘ says Doug Whalen, 
founder and president of the Endangered Language Fund in New Haven, 
Connecticut. ‗Most of these languages will not survive without a large degree of 
bilingualism,‘ he says. In New Zealand, classes for children have slowed the 
erosion of Maori and rekindled interest in the language. A similar approach in 
Hawaii has produced about 8,000 new speakers of Polynesian languages in the past 
few years. In California, ‗apprentice‘ programmes have provided life support to 
several indigenous languages. Volunteer ‗apprentices‘ pair up with one of the last 
living speakers of a Native American tongue to learn a traditional skill such as 
basket weaving, with instruction exclusively in the endangered language. After 
about 300 hours of training they are generally sufficiently fluent to transmit the 
language to the next generation. But Mufwene says that preventing a language 
dying out is not the same as giving it new life by using it every day. ‗Preserving a 
language is more like preserving fruits in a jar,‘ he says.