‹çindekiler Önsöz xiii Parazitoloji’de Temel Kavramlar
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- ‹nsanda Yerleflen Parazitlerin S›n›fland›r›lmalar› ve Genel Özellikleri...................................................................... 22
- 1. ÜN‹TE 2. ÜN‹TE
- Parazitolojide Kullan›lan Tan› Yöntemleri ........................... 46
- 3. ÜN‹TE Sindirim Sisteminde Yaflayan Protozoonlar......................... 84
- Kan-Doku ve ürogenital Sistemde Yaflayan Protozoonlar... 112
- Nematodlar (Yuvarlak Solucanlar) ...................................... 138
| ‹çindekiler Önsöz ............................................................................................................ xiii Parazitoloji’de Temel Kavramlar................................. ......... 2 PARAZ‹T HASTALIKLARININ ÖNEM‹.......................................................... 3 PARAZ‹TOLOJ‹N‹N TAR‹H‹.......................................................................... 4 B‹RL‹KTE YAfiAM ÇEfi‹TL‹L‹⁄‹ .................................................................... 4 PARAZ‹OLOJ‹DE SIK KULLANILAN TANIMLAMALAR .............................. 5 PARAZ‹TL‹⁄E UYUM, YAfiAM DÖNGÜSÜ VE ÇO⁄ALMA........................ 7 PARAZ‹T KONAK ‹L‹fiK‹LER‹ ....................................................................... 9 Parazitlerin Konak Üzerindeki Etkileri......................................................... 9 Kona¤›n Parazit Üzerindeki Etkileri ............................................................. 10 Parazitler ve Kona¤›n Yatk›nl›¤›................................................................... 10 PARAZ‹T HASTALIKLARININ EP‹DEM‹YOLOJ‹S‹ VE BULAfiMA YOLLARI ...................................................................................... 11 Parazitlerin Kayna¤› ...................................................................................... 11 Parazitlerin Kona¤a Girifl Yollar›.................................................................. 11 Parazitlerin Yay›l›fl Co¤rafyas› ve Görülme S›kl›¤› ...................................... 12 PARAZ‹T HASTALIKLARINDA BEL‹RT‹ VE BULGULAR ........................... 13 PARAZ‹T HASTALIKLARINDA TANI VE KORUNMA YÖNTEMLER‹NE GENEL BAKIfi................................................................................................ 14 Parazit Enfeksiyonlar›nda Tan› Yöntemleri ................................................. 14 Etkene Yönelik ‹nceleme.............................................................................. 15 Dolayl› (‹ndirekt) Tan› Yöntemleri .............................................................. 16 Parazit Enfeksiyonlar›nda Tedavi Yöntemleri.............................................. 16 Korunma ve Kontrol ..................................................................................... 17 Özet ............................................................................................................... 18 Kendimizi S›nayal›m ..................................................................................... 19 Kendimizi S›nayal›m Yan›t Anahtar› ............................................................ 20 S›ra Sizde Yan›t Anahtar› .............................................................................. 20 Yararlan›lan ve Baflvurulabilecek Kaynaklar ............................................... 20 ‹nsanda Yerleflen Parazitlerin S›n›fland›r›lmalar› ve Genel Özellikleri...................................................................... 22 PARAZ‹TLER‹N SINIFLANDIRILMASI VE ‹S‹MLEND‹R‹LMES‹ .................. 23 TIBB‹ ÖNEM‹ OLAN PARAZ‹T PROTOZOONLAR .................................... 28 Filum:Sarcomastigophora ............................................................................ 28 Filum: Sporozoa (Apicomplexa= Sporlular) ............................................... 30 Filum: Ciliophora (Ciliata= Silliler) ............................................................. 31 TIBB‹ ÖNEM‹ OLAN HELM‹NTLER (SOLUCANLAR) PARAZ‹TLER‹N SINIFLANDIRILMASI VE PARAZ‹TL‹KLER‹ ...................... 32 Filum: Planthelminthes (Yass›kurtlar) ......................................................... 33 Clasis: Trematoda (Karaci¤er Kelebekleri) ............................................ 33 Clasis: Cestoda (fieritler, Tenyalar) ....................................................... 34 Filum: Nematoda (Yuvarlak Solucanlar) .................................................... 35 Filum: Acanthocephala (Bafl› Dikenliler)..................................................... 37 TIBB‹ ÖNEM‹ OLAN ARTHROPOD (EKLEMBACAKLI) PARAZ‹TLER....... 37 PARAZ‹TER HASTALIKLARIN ‹S‹MLEND‹R‹LMES‹...................................... 41 ‹çindekiler iii 1. ÜN‹TE 2. ÜN‹TE Özet ............................................................................................................... 42 Kendimizi S›nayal›m ..................................................................................... 43 Kendimizi S›nayal›m Yan›t Anahtar› ............................................................ 44 S›ra Sizde Yan›t Anahtar› .............................................................................. 44 Yararlan›lan ve Baflvurulabilecek Kaynaklar ............................................... 45 Parazitolojide Kullan›lan Tan› Yöntemleri ........................... 46 G‹R‹fi .............................................................................................................. 47 GASTRO‹NTEST‹NAL S‹STEM ÖRNEKLER‹N‹N ......................................... PARAZ‹TOLOJ‹K ‹NCELENMES‹................................................................... 48 Gastrointestinal Örneklerin Toplanmas› ...................................................... 48 D›flk› Örneklerinin Toplanmas› .............................................................. 48 Perianal Örneklerin Toplanmas› ............................................................ 49 Duoedonal Örneklerin Toplanmas› (Entero-Test) ................................ 50 Sigmoidoskopik ‹ncelemeler ........................................................................ 50 Karaci¤er Apseleri ................................................................................... 51 D›flk› Örneklerinin Makroskobik ‹ncelenmesi............................................. 51 D›flk› örneklerinin Mikroskobik ‹ncelenmesi .............................................. 52 Direkt ‹nceleme....................................................................................... 52 Ço¤altma Yöntemleri .............................................................................. 55 Boyama Yöntemleri ................................................................................ 57 Parazitlerin Kültürü ................................................................................. 61 D›flk› Örneklerinin ‹ncelenmesinde Kullan›lan Koruyucular .................... 64 KAN ÖRNEKLER‹N‹N ‹NCELENMES‹........................................................... 67 Kan Örneklerinin Toplanmas› ve Laboratuvara Tafl›nmas›......................... 68 Kan Örneklerinin Korunmas› ve Depolanmas› ........................................... 68 Kan Örneklerinin Parazitolojik ‹ncelenmesi................................................ 69 ‹nce Yayma ve Kal›n Damla Kan Preparatlar›n›n Haz›rlanmas› .......... 69 Kan Yayma Preparatlar›n›n Boyanmas› ................................................. 71 Kan Örneklerinin ‹ncelenmesinde Kullan›lan Ço¤altma ............................ Yöntemleri ..................................................................................................... 74 Buffy coat yöntemi.................................................................................. 74 Knott Ço¤altma Yöntemi ........................................................................ 74 QBC Mikrohemotokrit Santrifüj Yöntemi ile Ço¤altma ........................ 75 Membran Filtrasyon Yöntemi ................................................................. 75 Tripanosomlar ‹çin Üçlü Santrifüj Yöntemi........................................... 76 VAJ‹NAL VE ÜRETRAL ÖRNEKLER‹N PARAZ‹TOLOJ‹K ‹NCELENMES‹.... 76 Vajinal ve Üretral Örneklerinin Direkt ‹ncelenmesi.................................... 76 Trichomonas Vaginalis Tan›s›nda Kültür ve Antijen Saptama Yöntemi .... 77 TIBBI PARAZ‹TOLO‹J‹DE KULLANILAN SEROLOJ‹K................................. TANI YÖNTEMLER‹ ...................................................................................... 77 Antijen Saptama............................................................................................. 77 Parazit DNA’s›n›n Belirlenmesi..................................................................... 78 HAYVAN DENEYLER‹ VE KSENOD‹AGNOZ‹S........................................... 79 Özet ............................................................................................................... 80 Kendimizi S›nayal›m ..................................................................................... 81 Kendimizi S›nayal›m Yan›t Anahtar› ............................................................ 82 S›ra Sizde Yan›t Anahtar› .............................................................................. 82 Yararlan›lan ve Baflvurulabilecek Kaynaklar ............................................... 83 ‹çindekiler iv 3. ÜN‹TE Sindirim Sisteminde Yaflayan Protozoonlar......................... 84 PARAZ‹T PROTOZOONLARIN ÖNEM‹ ...................................................... 85 AMEB‹AS‹S (AM‹PL‹ D‹ZANTER‹) .............................................................. 86 Hastal›¤›n Epidemiyolojisi ........................................................................... 88 Hastal›k belirtileri .......................................................................................... 88 Tan› ............................................................................................................... 89 Tedavi ve Kontrol ........................................................................................ 90 Sindirim Sisteminde Yerleflen Di¤er Amipler ............................................. 90 Özgür Yaflayan Amipler ve Sebep Olduklar› Hastal›klar .......................... 91 Naegleria Türleri .......................................................................................... 92 Acanthamoeba Türleri ................................................................................. 93 G‹ARD‹OS‹S: ................................................................................................ 94 Epidemiyolojisi ............................................................................................. 94 Hastal›k Belirtileri ......................................................................................... 95 Tan› ................................................................................................................ 95 Tedavi ve Kontrol ........................................................................................ 96 Ba¤›rsaklarda Yaflayan Di¤er Kamç›l›lar ..................................................... 96 ISOSPOR‹AS‹S .............................................................................................. 96 Epidemiyolojisi ............................................................................................. 96 Hastal›k Belirtileri.......................................................................................... 97 Tan› ................................................................................................................ 97 Tedavi ve Kontrol ......................................................................................... 98 CRYPTOSPOR‹D‹OS‹S .................................................................................. 98 Epidemiyolojisi .............................................................................................. 98 Hastal›k Belirtileri.......................................................................................... 99 Tan› ................................................................................................................ 99 Tedavi ve Kontrol ......................................................................................... 100 BLASTOCYSTOS‹S......................................................................................... 100 Epidemiyolojisi .............................................................................................. 100 Hastal›k Belirtileri.......................................................................................... 100 Tan› ................................................................................................................ 101 Tedavi ............................................................................................................ 101 CYCLOSPOR‹OS‹S......................................................................................... 101 Epidemiyolojisi .............................................................................................. 102 Hastal›k Belirtileri ......................................................................................... 102 Tan› ............................................................................................................... 102 Tedavi ve Kontrol ........................................................................................ 103 M‹CROSPOR‹D‹OS‹S ..................................................................................... 103 Epidemiyolojisi ............................................................................................. 104 Hastal›k Belirtileri.......................................................................................... 104 Tan› ................................................................................................................ 104 Tedavi ve Kontrol ........................................................................................ 104 D‹ENTAMOEB‹AS‹S....................................................................................... 104 Epidemiyolojisi .............................................................................................. 105 Hastal›k Belirtileri ......................................................................................... 105 Tan› ............................................................................................................... 105 Tedavi ve Kontrol ......................................................................................... 106 BALANT‹D‹OS‹S ............................................................................................ 106 ‹çindekiler v 4. ÜN‹TE Epidemiyolojisi ............................................................................................. 106 Hastal›k Belirtileri ......................................................................................... 106 Tan› ............................................................................................................... 107 Tedavi ve Kontrol ........................................................................................ 107 Özet ............................................................................................................... 108 Kendimizi S›nayal›m ..................................................................................... 109 Kendimizi S›nayal›m Yan›t Anahtar› ............................................................ 110 S›ra Sizde Yan›t Anahtar› .............................................................................. 110 Yararlan›lan ve Baflvurulabilecek Kaynaklar ............................................... 111 Kan-Doku ve ürogenital Sistemde Yaflayan Protozoonlar... 112 KAN VE DOKULARDA YAfiAYANLAR ....................................................... 113 MALAR‹AS‹S (Malarya-S›tma) ...................................................................... 113 Epidemiyolojisi ............................................................................................. 115 Hastal›k Belirtileri ......................................................................................... 116 Tan› ................................................................................................................ 117 Tedavi ve Kontrol ......................................................................................... 117 BABES‹OS‹S .................................................................................................. 118 Epidemiyolojisi .............................................................................................. 119 Hastal›k Belirtileri ......................................................................................... 119 Tan› ............................................................................................................... 119 Tedavi ve Korunma ..................................................................................... 120 TOXOPLASMOS‹S ....................................................................................... 120 Epidemiyolojisi .............................................................................................. 121 Hastal›k Belirtileri ......................................................................................... 121 Tan› ............................................................................................................... 122 Tedavi ........................................................................................................... 123 SARCOCYST‹S ............................................................................................... 123 Epidemiyolojisi ............................................................................................. 124 Hastal›k Belirtileri ......................................................................................... 124 Tan› ............................................................................................................... 124 Tedavi ve Kontrol ........................................................................................ 125 LE‹SHMAN‹OS‹S ......................................................................................... 125 Epidemiyolojisi ............................................................................................. 126 Hastal›k Belirtileri ......................................................................................... 127 Tan› ................................................................................................................ 127 Tedavi ve Kontrol ........................................................................................ 128 TRYPANOSOM‹AS‹S .................................................................................... 128 Epidemiyolojisi ............................................................................................. 129 Hastal›k belirtileri ......................................................................................... 130 Tan› ............................................................................................................... 130 Tedavi ve Kontrol ........................................................................................ 130 Hastal›k Belirtileri.......................................................................................... 131 Tan› ............................................................................................................... 131 Tedavi ve Kontrol ........................................................................................ 131 ÜROGEN‹TAL S‹STEM PARAZ‹TLER‹ ......................................................... 131 Trichomoniasis ............................................................................................ 131 Epidemiyoloji ............................................................................................... 132 Hastal›k Belirtileri ......................................................................................... 132 Tan› ............................................................................................................... 132 ‹çindekiler vi 5. ÜN‹TE Tedavi ve Kontrol ........................................................................................ 133 Özet ............................................................................................................... 134 Kendimizi S›nayal›m ..................................................................................... 134 Kendimizi S›nayal›m Yan›t Anahtar› ............................................................ 136 S›ra Sizde Yan›t Anahtar› .............................................................................. 136 Yararlan›lan ve Baflvurulabilecek Kaynaklar ............................................... 137 Nematodlar (Yuvarlak Solucanlar) ...................................... 138 G‹R‹fi ............................................................................................................. 139 BA⁄IRSAK NEMATODLARI ........................................................................ 140 Ascariosis ...................................................................................................... 140 Hastal›¤›n Epidemiyolojisi ..................................................................... 142 Hastal›k Belirtileri .................................................................................. 142 Tan› .......................................................................................................... 143 Tedavi ve Kontrol .................................................................................. 143 Ankilostomiyoz/Nekatoriyoz (Çengelli Solucanlar) .................................... 143 Hastal›¤›n Epidemiyolojisi ..................................................................... 145 Hastal›k Belirtileri.................................................................................... 145 Tan› ......................................................................................................... 145 Tedavi ve Kontrol .................................................................................. 146 Strongilloidiosis ............................................................................................. 146 Hastal›¤›n Epidemiyolojisi ..................................................................... 147 Hastal›k Belirtileri .................................................................................. 147 Tan› ......................................................................................................... 147 Tedavi ve Kontrol .................................................................................. 148 Trichostrongillosis ........................................................................................ 148 Enterobiosis ................................................................................................... 148 Hastal›¤›n Epidemiyolojisi ..................................................................... 149 Hastal›k Belirtileri .................................................................................. 150 Tan› .......................................................................................................... 150 Tedavi ve Kontrol ................................................................................... 150 Trichuriosis ................................................................................................... 150 Hastal›¤›n Epidemiyolojisi ...................................................................... 151 Hastal›k Belirtileri .................................................................................. 152 Tan› ......................................................................................................... 152 Tedavi ve Kontrol ................................................................................... 152 Trichinosis (Triflinler) .................................................................................... 152 Hastal›¤›n Epidemiyolojisi ...................................................................... 153 Hastal›k Belirtileri .................................................................................. 154 Tan› ......................................................................................................... 154 Tedavi ve Korunma ................................................................................ 154 DOLAfiIM S‹STEM‹ VE DOKU NEMATODLARI .......................................... 154 Wuchereria Bancrofti .................................................................................. 155 Hastal›k Belirtileri.................................................................................... 155 Tan› ....................................................................................................... 156 Tedavi ve Korunma ............................................................................... 156 Onchocerca Volvulus ................................................................................... 156 Hastal›k Belirtileri .................................................................................. 156 Tan› ......................................................................................................... 157 Tedavi ve Kontrol ................................................................................... 157 ‹çindekiler vii Каталог: e-kitap -> aof aof -> ‹çindekiler Önsöz xii Bitkisel Kaynakl› Ham Maddelerin Kullan›m›nda Kalite, Etkinlik ve Güvenlik e-kitap -> Tip tariHİ prof. 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