Article in Journal of Sustainability Science and Management · April 019 citations 11 reads 1,581 authors: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects

al., 2017; Xia et al., 2017; Sagaris et al., 2017). 
Similarly, in Saudi Arabia, there are several 
studies, but few have explored expert opinion. 
For example, Aljarad & Black (1995) employed 
statistical indices in modeling a corridor mode 
choice between Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. The 

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Journal of Sustainability Science and Management 
Volume 14 Number 2, April 2019 : 157-171 
Umar Lawal Dano and Ali Muflah Alqathany 
159 
study concluded that the origin of intercity 
trips had an influence on the mode of transport 
between Riyadh and Gulf Corporation Council 
(GCC) countries. 
Al-Faleh (2005) investigated the problems 
of public transport networks and coverage. 
The author suggested an organized body to 
manage the whole network in GCC countries. 
Another study conducted by Alterkawi (2006) 
used the FORTRAN program to simulate the 
best bus stop spacing in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 
They concluded that an effective bus system 
should be based on the optimum distance 
between bus stops in the city. Al-Sharif (2010) 
and Dano (2018) highlighted the lack of public 
transport provision and utilization in Saudi 
Arabia, and the negative consequences on 
the people and the environment. Among the 
problems they highlighted are road accidents 
(causing injuries, permanent disability and 
death), traffic congestion, GHG emissions, 
health complications and economic cost. 
Ratrout et al. (2018) developed mode-choice 
models for schoolboys in Al-Khobar and 
Dhahran metropolitan areas using logit models 
for the present mode choices and a hypothetical 
bus service for future modes choices. The 
study found that the family income was the 
major factor that determined mode choice 
decisions. In Jeddah, Aljoufie, (2016) employed 
questionnaires to explore determinants of 
public transport planning based on the mode 
preference, walking distance, comfort and 
number of transfers. The study concluded that 
the public transport system in the city needed 
more privacy and to fulfil the requirements 
of family members to increase its utilization. 
Alotaibi & Potoglou (2018) conducted in-depth 
interviews with transport experts and officials on 
the importance of introducing public transport 
services in Riyadh. The interviewees concluded 
that it would help to improve mobility, create 
employment opportunities and decrease travel 
time in the Saudi capital. Assi et al. (2018) used 
logistic regression and multilayer perception 
neural networks (MLPs) in predicting the mode- 
choice behavior of high school students in Al- 
Khobar based on family income, travel timeand 
parents’ education level. The study concluded 
that MLP provided a better way for predicting 
and explaining the mode choice behavior of 
high school students in Saudi Arabia as a whole. 
Alotaibi and Potoglou (2017) investigated 
whether the transport policy measures in Riyadh 
could encourage the use of public transport. The 
authors concluded that improved infrastructure, 
affordable parking charges; proper transit- 
oriented development sites, enhanced facilities 
and provision of separate carriageways for 
families are the most effective strategies to 
increase the utilization of public transport. 
Aldalbahi & Walker (2016) investigated the 
reason behind the increase in car ownership 
and its influence on the use of public transport 
in Riyadh. The authors found that based on the 
review of historical and future developments of 
the Saudi capital, there was a need to go
beyond engineering solutions by considering 
the entire system, including community