Answers: What Is a Commodity?

Task 3
3.1 Read the following text and translate into your native language.
TYPES OF MONEY IN THE UNITED STATES
Money Is More Than Cash When you think of money, you may think only of paper bills and coins. What does it mean to have “money in the bank”? Money and Near Moneys Money in use today consists of more than just currency. It also includes deposits in checking and savings accounts in banks and savings institutions, plus certain other investments. Currency. All United States coins in circulation today are token coins. The value of the metal in each coin is less than its exchange value. A quarter, for example, consists of a mixture of copper and nickel. If you melted down a quarter - which is illegal - the value of the resulting metal would be less than 25 cents. The Bureau of the Mint, which is part of the Treasury Department, makes all coins. Of the currency in circulation in the United States today, about 9 percent is in coins. 78 Most of the nation’s currency is in the form of Federal Reserve notes. Federal Reserve banks issue these notes. The Bureau of Printing and Engraving, also part of the Treasury Department, prints all Federal Reserve notes. They are issued in denominations of $1, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. The Treasury Department has also issued United States notes in $100 denominations only. These bills have the words United States Note printed across the top and can be distinguished from Federal Reserve notes by a red Treasury seal. United States notes make up less than 1 percent of the paper money in circulation. Both Federal Reserve notes and United States notes are fiat money or legal tender. Checks. A checking account is money deposited in a bank that a person can withdraw at any time by writing a check. The bank must pay the amount of the check when it is presented for payment, that is, on demand. Such accounts used to be called demand deposits. Today we call these checkable deposits, and a variety of financial institutions offer them. Commercial banks used to be the only financial institutions that could offer checkable accounts. Today all thrift institutions - mutual savings banks, savings and loan associations (S&Ls), and credit unions - offer checkable deposits. Credit Cards and Debit Cards. Even though many people use their credit cards to purchase goods and services, the credit card itself is not money. It does not act as a unit of accounting nor as a store of value. The use of your credit card is really a loan to you by the issuer of the card, whether it is a bank, retail store, gas company, or American Express. Basically, then, credit card “money” represents a future claim on money that you will have later. Credit cards defer rather than complete transactions that ultimately involve the use of money. The debit card automatically withdraws money from a checkable account. When you use your debit card to purchase something, you are in effect giving an instruction to your bank to transfer money directly from your bank account to the store’s bank account. The use of a debit card does not create a loan. Debit card “money” is similar to checkable account money. Near Moneys. Numerous other assets are almost, but not exactly, like money. These assets are called near moneys. Their values are stated in terms of money, and they have high liquidity in comparison to other investments, such as stocks. Near moneys can be turned into currency or into a means of payment, such as a check, relatively easily and without the risk of loss of value. For example, if you have a bank savings account, you cannot write a check on it. You can, however, go to the bank and withdraw some or all of your funds. You can then redeposit it in your checking account or take some or all of it in cash. Time deposits and savings-account balances are near moneys. Both pay interest, and neither can be withdrawn by check. Time deposits require that a depositor notify the financial institution within a certain period of time, often 10 days, before withdrawing money. Savings accounts do not usually require such notification. The Money Supply How much money is there in the United States today? That question is not so easy to answer. First, the money supply must be defined and agreed upon. Currently, two basic definitions are used, although others exist. The first is called M1 and the second M2. Both definitions include all the paper bills and coins in circulation. M1, the narrowest definition of the money supply, consists of moneys that can be spent immediately and against which checks can be written. It includes currency, traveler’s checks, and checkable deposits. A 79 broader definition of the money supply, M2, includes all of M1, plus such near moneys as money market mutual fund balances and Eurodollars.
Pul naqd puldan ham ko'proq Pul haqida o'ylaganingizda, siz faqat qog'oz pullar va tangalar haqida o'ylashingiz mumkin. "Bankda pul bor" degani nimani anglatadi? Pul va yaqin pullar Bugungi kunda qo'llanilayotgan pul shunchaki valyutadan iborat emas. Bu, shuningdek, banklar va jamg'arma muassasalaridagi chek va jamg'arma hisobvaraqlaridagi depozitlarni, shuningdek, boshqa investitsiyalarni o'z ichiga oladi. Valyuta. Bugungi kunda muomaladagi barcha Amerika tangalari token tangalardir. Har bir tangadagi metallning qiymati uning almashinuv qiymatidan kamroq. Masalan, chorak mis va nikel aralashmasidan iborat. Agar siz chorak qismini eritib yuborsangiz - bu noqonuniy - olingan metallning qiymati 25 sentdan kam bo'ladi. G'aznachilik bo'limi tarkibiga kiruvchi zarbxona byurosi barcha tangalarni yasaydi. Bugungi kunda Qo'shma Shtatlarda muomaladagi pul birligining taxminan 9 foizi tangalarda. 78 Mamlakat valyutasining katta qismi Federal rezerv banknotalari ko'rinishida. Federal rezerv banklari ushbu banknotlarni chiqaradilar. G'aznachilik departamentining bir qismi bo'lgan Chop etish va o'yma byurosi barcha Federal zaxira banknotlarini chop etadi. Ular $1, $5, $10, $20, $50 va $100 nominallarida chiqariladi. G'aznachilik departamenti ham Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining faqat 100 dollarlik kupyuralarni chiqargan. Ushbu veksellarning tepasida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari banknotasi so'zlari bosilgan va Federal rezerv banknotasidan G'aznachilikning qizil muhri bilan farqlanishi mumkin. Qo'shma Shtatlar banknotalari muomaladagi qog'oz pullarning 1 foizidan kamrog'ini tashkil qiladi. Federal zaxira banknotalari ham, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari banknotalari ham fiat pul yoki qonuniy to'lov vositasidir. Tekshiruvlar. Tekshiruv hisobvarag'i bankka qo'yilgan pul bo'lib, shaxs istalgan vaqtda chek yozib olishi mumkin. Bank chek summasini to'lash uchun taqdim etilganda, ya'ni talab bo'yicha to'lashi kerak. Bunday hisobvaraqlar ilgari talab qilinmagan depozitlar deb atalar edi. Bugun biz buni tekshiriladigan depozitlar deb ataymiz va turli moliya institutlari ularni taklif qiladi. Tijorat banklari ilgari tekshiriladigan hisobvaraqlarni taklif qiladigan yagona moliya instituti edi. Bugungi kunda barcha tejamkor tashkilotlar - o'zaro jamg'arma kassalari, jamg'arma va kredit uyushmalari (S&Ls) va kredit uyushmalari - tekshiriladigan depozitlarni taklif qiladi. Kredit kartalar va debet kartalari. Garchi ko'p odamlar tovarlar va xizmatlarni sotib olish uchun kredit kartalaridan foydalanishsa ham, kredit kartaning o'zi pul emas. U buxgalteriya hisobi birligi yoki qiymat ombori sifatida ishlamaydi. Kredit kartangizdan foydalanish haqiqatan ham bank, chakana savdo do'koni, gaz kompaniyasi yoki American Express bo'ladimi, karta emitenti tomonidan sizga berilgan qarzdir. Asosan, kredit kartadagi "pul" keyinchalik sizda bo'ladigan pul bo'yicha kelajakdagi da'voni anglatadi. Kredit kartalari puldan foydalanishni o'z ichiga olgan to'liq operatsiyalarni emas, balki kechiktiradi. Debet karta avtomatik ravishda tekshiriladigan hisobdan pul yechib oladi. Agar biror narsa sotib olish uchun debet kartangizdan foydalansangiz, siz bankingizga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri bank hisobingizdan do'konning bank hisobiga pul o'tkazish bo'yicha ko'rsatma berasiz. Debet kartasidan foydalanish kreditni yaratmaydi. Debet kartadagi "pul" hisobdagi pulga o'xshaydi. Moneys yaqinida. Ko'pgina boshqa aktivlar deyarli, lekin to'liq emas, pulga o'xshaydi. Ushbu aktivlar yaqin pullar deb ataladi. Ularning qiymati pul ko'rinishida ifodalanadi va ular boshqa investitsiyalar, masalan, aktsiyalarga nisbatan yuqori likvidlikka ega. Near pullar nisbatan oson va qiymatini yo'qotish xavfisiz valyutaga yoki to'lov vositasiga, masalan, chekga aylantirilishi mumkin. Misol uchun, agar sizda bankda omonat hisobvarag'ingiz bo'lsa, unga chek yoza olmaysiz. Biroq, siz bankka borib, mablag'ingizning bir qismini yoki barchasini olishingiz mumkin. Shundan so'ng siz uni o'z hisob qaydnomangizga qaytarishingiz yoki bir qismini yoki hammasini naqd pulga olishingiz mumkin. Vaqtinchalik depozitlar va omonat hisobvaraqlaridagi qoldiqlar pulga yaqin. Ikkalasi ham foizlarni to'laydi va ikkalasini ham chek orqali qaytarib bo'lmaydi. Muddatli depozitlar omonatchidan ma'lum muddat ichida, ko'pincha 10 kun ichida pulni yechib olishdan oldin moliya muassasasini xabardor qilishni talab qiladi. Omonat hisobvaraqlari odatda bunday xabarnomani talab qilmaydi. Pul taklifi Bugungi kunda Qo'shma Shtatlarda qancha pul bor? Bu savolga javob berish unchalik oson emas. Birinchidan, pul massasini aniqlash va kelishish kerak. Hozirgi vaqtda ikkita asosiy ta'rif qo'llaniladi, ammo boshqalar mavjud. Birinchisi M1, ikkinchisi M2 deb ataladi. Ikkala ta'rif ham muomaladagi barcha qog'oz veksellarni va tangalarni o'z ichiga oladi. M1, pul massasining eng tor ta'rifi, darhol sarflanishi mumkin bo'lgan va cheklar yozilishi mumkin bo'lgan pullardan iborat. U valyuta, sayohat cheklari va cheklanadigan depozitlarni o'z ichiga oladi. Pul massasining kengroq ta'rifi M2 barcha M1ni, shuningdek, pul bozoridagi o'zaro fond qoldiqlari va evrodollar kabi yaqin pullarni o'z ichiga oladi.