to 30 points. Generally, it is impossible to get 0 points because there are 3 or 4 very
simple divisions.)
The score of task six is the sum of the flexibility score and the originality
score. The flexibility score has a maximum of 9 points for one correct method
(instrument: 3 points; principle, 3 points; procedure, 3 points). The originality
score is computed as before: if the occurrence of the method generally is less than
5%, it gets 4 points; if the probability is between 5–10%, it gets 2 points; if the
probability is larger than 10%, it gets 0 point. We used a different scoring system in
this task because it is more difficult for students to design an original method in
testing the napkins than to get a original answer in task 1 to 4.
The score of task seven is decided by the functions of the machine. A par-
ticular function of the picking machine could include reaching the apples, finding
the apples, picking the apples, transporting the apples to the ground, sorting out
the apples, putting the apples in containers, moving on to the next tree. Each
function got 3 points. According to the originality, we give a score of 1 to 5 points
based on an overall impression having marked all the other scripts.
Trial
In the present study to trial the new instrument, the test was administered to a
sample of 160 students selected from year 7, year 8 and year 10 in a secondary
school in England. The school was a suburban mixed comprehensive school with a
broad ability range intake. There was one top band, one middle band, and one
bottom band in terms of science ability in each year. This ‘science ability’ was
assessed in the school by the science teachers, using traditional course marks and
end-of-year test marks. We make no claims about the validity of this process but
the rating probably represents approximately some combination of general intel-
lectual ability, specific science ability, and motivation/diligence. Ninety of the
students (56%) were female and 70 (44%) were male. The age of the participants
ranged from 12 to 15 years.
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